Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

How to measure ease of substance exchange

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

How to work out surface area to volume ratio

A

Work out surface area
Work out volume
Put into ratio
Simplify

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3
Q

Why multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces

A

Have smaller surface areas to volume

More difficult to exchange enough substances to supply entire volume with outside surface alone

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4
Q

Factors of rate of diffusion

A

Distance
Concentration difference
Surface area

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5
Q

Alveoli exchange method

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart arrived (min O2, max CO2)

Due to high concentration differences, O2 gases diffuses from alveoli to blood and CO2 from blood to alveoli

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6
Q

Adaptations of alveoli

A

Moist lining for dissolving gases
Good blood supply to maintain concentration differences of gases
Very thin walls
Enormous surface area

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7
Q

Fick’s Law

A

rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area x concentration difference / thickness of membrane

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8
Q

Red blood cell adaptations and function

A
Carry oxygen to all cells in the body
Biconcave disc structure to increase surface area
No nucleus (more oxygen space)
Haemoglobin used to carry blood to cells in body (oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxygen in cells)
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9
Q

Blood contents

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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10
Q

Phagocytes facts

A

White blood cells

Change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms (phagocytosis)

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11
Q

Lymphocytes facts

A

White blood cells
Produces antibodies against microorganisms
Can produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by microorganisms

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12
Q

White blood cell facts

A

Has nucleus (unlike red blood cell)
Fights against infections (immune system)
Multiplies rapidly when infection is present

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13
Q

Platelets facts

A

Small fragments of cells

Bundle up and clot at a wound to prevent microorganisms from entering blood stream

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14
Q

Plasma facts

A
Pale, straw-coloured liquid 
Carries lots of things e.g. :
red and white blood cells
platelets
nutrients (glucose and amino acids)
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
proteins
antibodies and antitoxins
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15
Q

3 types of blood vessel

A

Capillaries (exchanges materials at tissues)
Arteries (carries blood away from the heart)
Veins (carried blood towards the heart)

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16
Q

Artery adaptations

A

Blood is pumped at high pressure so:
Walls are thick
Walls contain layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres so they can stretch and spring back

17
Q

Capillary adaptations

A

Exchange of materials at tissues so:
They are narrow so they can squeeze between cells (narrows distance of diffusion)
Permeable walls so diffusion can occur
Walls are one cell thick (less distance of diffusion)

18
Q

Veins adaptations

A

Blood is at low pressure so:
Walls don’t have to be as thick as the arteries
Bigger lumen than arrives to help blood low despite lower pressure
Valves to prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction

19
Q

Double circulatory system meaning

A
2 circuits for full circulation 
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Oxygenated blood returns to heart
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
Deoxygenated blood returns to heart
20
Q

Single circulatory system meaning

A

Only 1 circuit e.g. fish

Deoxygenated blood travels to heart right round body (but passes gills along the way)

21
Q

How heart pumps blood

A

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body (via vena cava)
Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs (via pulmonary artery)
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs (via pulmonary vein)
Left ventricle pumps blood to rest of body (via aorta)

22
Q

Heart adaptations

A

Left ventricle’s wall is thicker than right as needs more muscle to pump blood at greater distance, needing higher pressure
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Septum prevented mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

23
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output (cm^3 min^-1) = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3)

24
Q

Respiration facts

A
Process of transferring (releasing) energy from the break down of organic compounds (glucose)
Exothermic reaction 
2 types (aerobic and anaerobic)
25
Q

Uses of energy released through respiration

A
Metabolic processes (break / synthesising molecules)
Contracting muscles (in animals)
Maintains steady body temperature (in mammals and birds)
26
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

27
Q

Aerobic respiration facts

A

Done when plenty of oxygen is available

Most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

28
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals formula

A

glucose -> lactic acid

29
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants formula

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

30
Q

Anaerobic respiration facts

A

Done when not enough oxygen is enough for aerobic respiration
Also when energy demand is too much for aerobic respiration to match
Less efficient than aerobic respiration and releases less energy
Glucose is only partially broken down
Leads to build up of lactic acid (causes pain and cramps)