exchange and transport in animals

Question 1

aerobic respiration equ

Answer 1

oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide

O2 + C6H12O6 -> H2O + CO2

Question 2

surface area equ

Answer 2

(height x width)2 x number of sides

Question 3

volume equ

Answer 3

height3

Question 4

ratio of surface area and volume

Answer 4

sa: v

Question 5

diffusion

Answer 5

a passive movement of gases or particles dissolved in a solution which move down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

a passive net movement of water particles across a semi permeable membrane from a high to low concentration

Question 7

active transport

Answer 7

movement of anything other than water through a membrane against the gradient -> requiring energy

Question 8

3 things which speed up diffusion

Answer 8

bigger concentration difference
decreases distance
larger surface area

Question 9

small intestine - exchange surface summary

Answer 9

• exchanges nutrients
• large surface area achieved by vilia and micro vilia
• diffusion distance is kept short by being only one cell thick
• concentration gradient is maintained by good blood supply and transports nutrients away from a small intestine

Question 10

lungs - exchange surface summary

Answer 10

• exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
• large surface is achieved by large surface area and small internal volume
• diffusion distance is kept short by capillary wall being one cell thick
• concentration gradient is maintained by alveolus is consistently replaced with fresh air, less CO2 than O

Question 11

leaves - exchange surface summary

Answer 11

• exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
• large surface area = wide and large
• diffusion distance is kept short by stomata, diffusion is quick.
• concentration gradient is maintained by stomata open and closing

Question 12

roots - exchange surface summary

Answer 12

• exchanges water and minerals
• large surface area achieved by increasing surfaces by root hair
• diffusion is kept short by being a single cell
• concentration gradient maintained by water transported in the rest of the plant (xylem)

Question 13

2 types of cells found in blood

Answer 13

red
white - lymphocytes

Question 14

what blood cell is part of your immune system

Answer 14

white blood cell (lymphocyte / phagocyte)

Question 15

what do red blood cells carry round the body

Answer 15

oxygen (haemoglobin)

Question 16

plasma function

Answer 16

carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea
suspends all blood cells so they can flow round the body

Question 17

plasma adaptions

Answer 17

mainly water so can easily dissolve substances

Question 18

platelets function

Answer 18

forms scabs when the skin breaks to block entry of pathogens into the body (important for clotting)

Question 19

platelets adaptions

Answer 19

fragments
no nucleus

Question 20

phagocytes and lymphocytes function

Answer 20

cell is part of our immune system and defends against pathogens

Question 21

phagocytes and lymphocytes adaptions

Answer 21

phagocytes can engulf pathogens
lymphocytes shoot pathogens and release antitoxins against them

Question 22

erythrocytes (red) functions

Answer 22

contains a substance called haemoglobin. binds with oxygen near lungs and carries oxygen round the rest of the body

Question 23

erythrocytes (red) adaptions

Answer 23

bi - con cave shape which increases surface area
no nucleus to maximise space

Question 24

oxygen facts

Answer 24

from lungs
to muscle / cells
transported by red blood cells

Question 25

soluble nutrients facts

Answer 25

from small intestine to muscle / cells transported by plasma

Question 26

carbon dioxide facts

Answer 26

from muscle / cells to lungs transported by plasma

Question 27

urea facts

Answer 27

from cells in blood to kidney transported by plasma

Question 28

artery facts

Answer 28

- thick walls - thin lumen - goes away from heart - carries deoxygenated blood - muscular tissue walls - no valves - high blood pressure

Question 29

vein facts

Answer 29

- thin walls - thick lumen - carries deoxygenated blood - carries blood towards the heart - blood pressure is kinda high - muscular walls tissue - valves are present

Question 30

capillaries facts

Answer 30

- carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood - between vein and artery - one cell thick wall - low blood pressure - small lumen - no muscular walls - no valves present - no connective tissues in walls

Question 31

what percentage of blood is plasmid

Answer 31

55%

Question 32

what percentage of blood is red blood cells

Answer 32

45%

Question 33

what percentage of blood is platelets

Answer 33

0.5%

Question 34

what percentage of blood is white blood cells

Answer 34

0.5%

Question 35

what makes up the circulatory system

Answer 35

heart blood vessels

Question 36

how many chambers are there in the heart

Answer 36

4

Question 37

name the 4 chambers of the heart

Answer 37

atrium x2 right ventricle left ventricle

Question 38

which way round is the heart

Answer 38

R -> L when looking down on it

Question 39

explain the direction of the blood in the heart

Answer 39

V - vena clava A - right atrium V - right ventricle A - pulmonary artery V - pulmonary vein A - left atrium V - left ventricle A - aorta

Question 40

what does a valve do

Answer 40

stops back flow and only allows blood to flow one way

Question 41

where does the right side of the heart pump too

Answer 41

lungs

Question 42

where does the left side of the heart pump too

Answer 42

rest of the body

Question 43

why is left side of the heart thicker

Answer 43

pumps further round the body

Question 44

vessel which pumps to lungs

Answer 44

artery

Question 45

vessel which pumps to rest of the body

Answer 45

vein

Question 46

vessel which receives blood from the body

Answer 46

pulmonary artery

Question 47

vessel which received blood from pulmonary vein

Answer 47

pulmonary vein

Question 48

which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

Answer 48

left

Question 49

cardiac output equ

Answer 49

stroke volume x heart rate litres/beat x bpm

Question 50

cardiac output

Answer 50

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart, measured in l/minute

Question 51

stroke volume

Answer 51

volume of blood pumped out the heart in one pump litres/beat

Question 52

heart rate

Answer 52

beats per minute from your heart bpm

Question 53

stroke volume equ

Answer 53

cardiac output / bpm

Question 54

respiration (NOT BREATHING)

Answer 54

a chemical reaction that releases energy happens in mitochondria (aerobic) and cytoplasm (anaerobic)

Question 55

respiration equ

Answer 55

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water

Question 56

is respiration endo or exo thermic

Answer 56

exo (releases heat)

Question 57

aerobic respiration

Answer 57

releasing energy into surroundings

Question 58

where does aerobic respiration take place

Answer 58

mitochondria

Question 59

2 uses of energy in aerobic respiration

Answer 59

movement and warmth

Question 60

anaerobic respiration equ

Answer 60

glucose -> lactic acid + some energy when oxygen is back lactic acid -> carbon dioxide and water

Question 61

anaerobic in plants equ

Answer 61

glucose + ethanol -> carbon dioxide

Question 62

when does anaerobic respiration take place

Answer 62

beginning of exercise

Question 63

what is oxygen debt

Answer 63

amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid that built up

Question 64

what causes muscle fatigue

Answer 64

using anaerobic respiration

Question 65

what is lactic acid broken up into

Answer 65

carbon dioxide and water

Question 66

why do you not use anaerobic respiration all the time

Answer 66

as it’s without oxygen (die)

Question 67

what is cardio vascular disease

Answer 67

disease of blood vessels and heart.

Question 68

how is cardio vascular disease triggered

Answer 68

A high level of chlorolestrol in the blood and high level of blood pressure

Question 69

how is cardio vascular disease caused

Answer 69

by fatty deposits to build up in the arteries, restricts blood flow can lead to strokes and heart attack

Question 70

2 lifestyle advice for cardiovascular disease

Answer 70

- diet watch - exercise

Question 71

surgical way to combat cardiovascular disease

Answer 71

going into the heart and arteries and placing stent to hold them open can be risky - heart stop or not working properly

Question 72

explain of a med to combat cardiovascular dsease

Answer 72

stains - lowest chlorolestorol

Question 73

where does anaerobic respiration take place

Answer 73

cytoplasm in muscle cells

Question 74

why is lactic acid bad

Answer 74

toxic - can cause cramps

Question 75

how does the liver combat lactic acid

Answer 75

turns lactic acid + lactic acid (has to be put together) into glycogen and stores it there to remove lactic acid

Question 76

respiration practical

Answer 76

This experiment investigates respiration rates using maggots. As the maggots respire, they use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. The capillary tube is "sealed" with a drop of water or ink. The carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by the soda lime, so there is a reduction in volume in the closed system and the liquid drop moves along the capillary tube.

Question 77

independent variable

Answer 77

variable you change

Question 78

dependent variable

Answer 78

variable you measure

Question 79

control variable

Answer 79

variable which stays the same

Question 80

bronchus

Answer 80

branch of trachea

Question 81

branchide

Answer 81

branch of bronchus

Question 82

alveoli

Answer 82

where gas exchange happens

Question 83

diaphragm

Answer 83

moves up and down to bring air in and ouy

Question 84

oesophagus

Answer 84

digestive system

Question 85

trachea

Answer 85

windpipe

Question 86

ribs

Answer 86

protect lungs

Question 87

intercostal muscle

Answer 87

allows ribs to expand