exchange surfaces

Question 1

Limitations to the tracheal system

Answer 1

Diffusion is relied upon for exchange therefore it’s dependant on a concentration gradient being maintained.
Size is limited.
Increased water loss.

Question 2

Ways to limit water loss in insects

Answer 2

Spiracles.
Small SA:V ratio.
Waterproof coverings.

Question 3

What supports the trachea in insects and why is it there

Answer 3

Chitin which prevents it from collapsing.

Question 4

What are the features of good epidemiology studies

Answer 4

Large study sample.
Representative sample.
Long term.

Question 5

What does chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) lead to

Answer 5

Continual coughing and chest infections.

Question 6

Factors that increase the risk of COPD

Answer 6

Smoking.
Air pollution.
Genetics.
Infections.
Occupation.

Question 7

How thick is the epithelial and what is this called

Answer 7

One cell thick.
Squamous.

Question 8

Breathing in

Answer 8

Diaphram contracts and flattens.
External intercostal muscles contract.
Internal intercostal muscles relax.
Ribs move up and out.
Volume of the thorax increases.
Pressure will drop below atmospheric pressure.
Air moves down a pressure group and into the lungs.

Question 9

Breathing out

Answer 9

Diaphram relaxes and moves up.
External intercostal muscles relax.
Internal intercostal muscles relax.
Ribs move down and in.
Volume of thorax decreases.
Pressure will go above atmospheric pressure and air will move out of the lungs.

Question 10

Water in gills

Answer 10

Mouth opens.
Floor of mouth drops.
Opercular valve closes.
Pressure drops and water moves in down a pressure gradient.

Question 11

Water out gills

Answer 11

Mouth closes.
Floor of mouth moves up.
Opercular valve opens.
Water moves over the gills down a pressure gradient.