Exchange surfaces and breathing

Question 1

Alveoli

Answer 1

Tiny folds of the lung epithelium to increase the surface area.

Question 2

Bronchi/bronchioles

Answer 2

Small airways leading into the lungs.

Question 3

Breathing rate

Answer 3

The number of breaths per minute.

Question 4

Buccal cavity

Answer 4

The mouth (in fish).

Question 5

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 5

A layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions on each cell. They are able to ‘waft’ and move particles.

Question 6

Counter-current flow

Answer 6

Where two fluids flow in opposite directions. In fish, the blood in the gills and the water of the gills flow in opposite directions, creating a counter-current flow.

Question 7

Diaphragm

Answer 7

A layer of muscle beneath the lungs. It assists in respiration by helping to reduce or increase the volume of the chest cavity.

Question 8

Expiration

Answer 8

Exhaling.

Question 9

Inspiration

Answer 9

Inhaling.

Question 10

Elastic fibres

Answer 10

Protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size.

Question 11

Filaments

Answer 11

Slender branches of tissue that make up the gill (on fish). They are often called primary lamellae.

Question 12

Goblet cells

Answer 12

Cells that secrete mucus.

Question 13

Intercostal muscles

Answer 13

Muscles between the ribs. Contractions of the external intercostal muscles raise the ribcage.

Question 14

Lamellae

Answer 14

Folds of the filament (in the gills of fish) to increase the surface area. They are also called secondary lamellae or gill plates.

Question 15

Oxygen uptake

Answer 15

The volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute.

Question 16

Operculum

Answer 16

A bony flap that covers and protects the gills.

Question 17

Residual Volume

Answer 17

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration.

Question 18

Smooth muscle

Answer 18

Involuntary muscle that contracts without the need for conscious thought.

Question 19

Spirometer

Answer 19

A device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Question 20

Spiracle

Answer 20

An external opening or pore that allows air in or out of the tracheae (found in insects).

Question 21

Trachea

Answer 21

The main airway leading from the back of the mouth to the lungs in mammals.

Question 22

Tidal volume

Answer 22

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, usually measured at rest.

Question 23

Tracheal system

Answer 23

A system of air-filled tubes in insects.

Question 24

Tracheal fluid

Answer 24

The fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system in insects.

Question 25

Ventilation

Answer 25

The refreshing of the air in the lungs, so that there is a higher oxygen concentration that in the blood, and a lower carbon dioxide concentration.

Question 26

Vital capacity

Answer 26

The greatest possible volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.