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ANIMAL > Excretion & Osmoregulation (W13b) > Flashcards

Excretion & Osmoregulation (W13b) Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis?

A

= maintenance of a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

Osmoregulation?

A

= active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluid to keep them from becoming too dilute or too concentrated.

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3
Q

Excretion?

A

= the process of ridding the body of metabolic waste & excess water.

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4
Q

Types of nitrogenous waste? (3)

A

• Ammonia.
• Urea.
• Uric acid.

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5
Q

Ammonia attributes? (3)

A

• Most toxic.
• Requires large amounts of water for excretion.
• Energetically cheap to produce.

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6
Q

Term to describe animals that release ammonia directly into the environment?

A

Ammonotelic.

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7
Q

Ammonotelic animals?

A

= animals that release ammonia directly into the environment.

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8
Q

Egs of ammonotelic organisms?

A

Aquatic animals, including Teleost fish.

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9
Q

Urea attributes? (3)

A

• Non-toxic.
• Requires less water to excrete.
• Energetically costly to produce.

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10
Q

Term used to describe animals that secrete urea as a primary nitrogenous waste material?

A

Ureotelic.

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11
Q

Ureotelic animals?

A

= animals that secrete urea as a primary nitrogenous waste material.

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12
Q

Egs of ureotelic organisms? (3)

A

• Mammals.
• Amphibians.
• Most sharks.

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13
Q

Uric acid attributes? (3)

A

• Least toxic/Non-toxic.
• Requires a very little amount of water to excrete.
• Energetically costly to produce.

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14
Q

Term used to describe animals that secrete uric acid as the primary nitrogenous waste material?

A

Uricotelic.

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15
Q

Uricotelic animals?

A

= animals that secrete uric acid as a primary nitrogenous waste material.

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16
Q

Egs of uricotelic organisms? (3)

A

• Birds.
• Reptiles.
• Insects.

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17
Q

Explain the white pasty precipitate found in bird & lizard droppings?

A

It’s due to uric acid being a water-insoluble form of nitrogenous waste.

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18
Q

What determines the type of nitrogenous waste produced?

A

Water availability.

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19
Q

Egs of instances where the type of nitrogenous waste produced is determined by water availability? (2)

A

• Tadpoles excrete ammonia, while Frogs excrete urea.

• Lungfish produce ammonia in water, & excrete urea when ponds dry out.

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20
Q

Eg of animals that tolerate high levels of ammonia?

A

Mexican guano bats.

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21
Q

Invertebrate excretory systems/excretory organs? (3)

A

• Protonephridia.
• Metanephridia.
• Malphigian tubules.

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22
Q

Protonephridia?

A

= branching network of dead end tubes.

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23
Q

What’s found at the end of the dead end tubes?

A

Flame bulbs with tufts of cilia.

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24
Q

Function of flame bulbs?

A

Draw water & solutes from interstitial fluid.

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25
Q

Eg of organisms with Protonephridia?

A

Flatworms.

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26
Q

Metanephridia?

A

= tubular excretory system with internal openings.

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27
Q

Metanephridia pathway?

A

Enters through the nephrostome & exits at the nephridiopore.

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28
Q

Nephrostome?

A

= ciliated funnel.

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29
Q

Eg of organisms with Metanephridia?

A

Annelids (like Earthworms).

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30
Q

Metanephridia function?

A

Filter coelomic fluid through nephrostomes.

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31
Q

Malphigian tubules?

A

= sac-like organs that extract nitrogenous waste & function in osmoregulation.

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32
Q

Malphigian tubule function?

A

Actively pumps salts and uric acid & water follows by osmosis.

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33
Q

Eg of organisms with a Malphigian tubule?

A

Terrestrial arthropods (like ants).

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34
Q

Vertebrate excretory system/excretory organ?

A

Kidneys.

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35
Q

Kidneys function?

A

Filtration of waste from the blood.

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36
Q

Kidney major component?

A

Nephrons.

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37
Q

Nephron?

A

= basic functional unit of kidneys.

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38
Q

Nephron functions? (3)

A

• Filtration.
• Reabsorption.
• Secretion.

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39
Q

Processes occurring in nephrons for urine formation? (3)

A

• Glomerular filtration.
• Tubular reabsorption.
• Tubular secretion.

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40
Q

General description of processes occurring in nephrons? (3)

A

• High pressures in glomerular capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule increase filtration (pressure is modulated by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)).

• 75% filtrate is absorbed in proximal tubules.

• Loop of Henle concentrates urine.

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41
Q

Nephron sections? (5)

A

• Glomerulus.
• PCT.
• Loop of Henle.
• DCT.
• Collecting duct.

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42
Q

PCT stands for?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

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43
Q

DCT stands for?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule.

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44
Q

Loop of Henle divisions? (2)

A

• Descending limb.
• Ascending limb.

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45
Q

Descending limb of loop of Henle attribute?

A

Permeable to water.

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46
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle attribute?

A

Impermeable to water.

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47
Q

Nephron attributes? (2)

A

• Similar across phyletic groups.
• Loop of Henle exists in birds & mammals only.

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48
Q

Nephron components in vertebrates? (5)

A

• Corpuscle.
• Filtering unit.
• Proximal tubule.
• Intermediate tubule.
• Distal tubule.

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49
Q

Loop of Henle is longest in which animals?

A

Loop of Henle = longest in desert animals.

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50
Q

Loop of Henle function?

A

Production of hypertonic urine.

51
Q

Loop of Henle in normal (mesic) conditions?

A

Cortical nephrons (short loops of Henle).

52
Q

Eg of organisms with cortical nephrons?

A

Cows.

53
Q

Loop of Henle in desert (arid) conditions?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons (long loops of Henle).

54
Q

Eg of organisms with juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Desert rats.

55
Q

Explain urine formation in the nephron in terms of diffusion of water & salts (the one you drew & asked Dr Hetem about)? (7)

A

● Most of the water & solutes (aa) are filtered in the glomerulus.

● These are reabsorbed by numerous microvilli in the PCT (Isosmotic reabsorption doesn’t change fluid osmolarity).

● The cells of the descending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs water as it’s permeable to water.

● The cells of the Ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively reabsorbs NaCl from tubule fluid into interstitial fluid as it’s impermeable to water.

● The tubule fluid that reaches the DCT is less concentrate tha plasma & the ion composition of the fluid is fine-tuned.

● As the tubule fluid entering the collecting duct (has a similar solute concentration to plasma) moves down the duct the concentration gradient draws more water osmotically & ultimately a more concentrate urine is produced (high ADH levels).

● The hormones that control the permeability of the collecting duct are Aldosterone & the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

56
Q

Hormones involved in urine formation in the nephron? (2)

A

• Aldosterone [in DCT].
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [in Collecting duct].

57
Q

Bird kidneys constituents/nephron types? (2)

A

• With a loop of Henle (mammalian type).
• Without a loop of Henle (reptilian type).

58
Q

Osmoregulatory strategies? (2)

A

• Osmoconformers.
• Osmoregulators.

59
Q

Osmoconformers?

A

= animals that change the osmolarity of their body fluids to that of the environment.

60
Q

Osmoregulators?

A

= animals that keep the osmolarity of their body fluids constant.

61
Q

Osmosis?

A

= movement of water down its concentration gradient.

62
Q

Difference between osmolarity & osmolality?

A

● Osmolarity
= number of particles in solution.

● Osmolality
= milliOsmols per kg of solvent.

63
Q

Tonicity?

A

= the response of cells/tissues immersed in the solution.

64
Q

What does tonicity depend on? (2)

A

• Concentration of only impermeable solute particles.
• Nature of solutes.

65
Q

Types of tonic solutions? (3)

A

• Hypertonic solution.
• Isotonic solution.
• Hypotonic solution.

66
Q

Hypertonic solution?

A

= solution with high solutes & water moves out of the cell.

67
Q

Isotonic solution?

A

= solution with an equal amount of solutes & no water moves into or out of the cell.

68
Q

Hypotonic solution?

A

= solution with low concentration of solutes & water moves into the cell.

69
Q

Hypertonic is AKA?

A

Hyperosmotic.

70
Q

Isotonic is AKA?

A

Isosmotic.

71
Q

Hypotonic is AKA?

A

Hyposmotic.

72
Q

Solute types? (2)

A

• Non-penetrating solute.
• Penetrating solute.

73
Q

Non-penetrating solute?

A

= can’t cross the cell membrane.

74
Q

Penetrating solute?

A

= can cross the cell membrane.

75
Q

Eg of Non-penetrating solute?

A

NaCl.

76
Q

Eg of penetrating solute?

A

Urea.

77
Q

What solution type is Non-penetrating solute found?

A

Hypertonic/Hyperosmotic solutions.

78
Q

Osmoconformer types? (2)

A

• Ion conformers.
• Ion regulators.

79
Q

Osmoconformer attribute?

A

Euryhaline.

80
Q

Euryaline?

A

= animals that tolerate a wide range of salinity of the water in which they live.

81
Q

Ion conformers?

A

= body fluids are isosmotic to the environment.

82
Q

Ion conformers attributes? (2)

A

• Euryhaline.
• No energy required to maintain osmolarity.

83
Q

Egs of ion conformers (osmoconformers)? (2)

A

• Most marine invertebrates.
• Hagfish.

84
Q

Ion regulators?

A

= body fluids are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.

85
Q

Ion regulators attributes? (3)

A

• Maintain low electrolytes (NaCl) & high osmolytes (Urea).
• Kidneys & gills retain urea.
• Have high levels of TMAO to counteract urea.

86
Q

TMAO stands for?

A

Trimethylamine oxide.

87
Q

TMAO function?

A

Buffers the breaking of protein by urea.

88
Q

Egs of ion regulators (osmoconformers)? (2)

A

• Elasmobranchs.
• Coelanth fish.

89
Q

Osmoregulators types? (2)

A

• Hyperosmotic regulators.
• Hyposmotic regulators.

90
Q

Osmoregulators attribute?

A

Stenohaline.

91
Q

Stenohaline?

A

= animals that can tolerate only a narrow osmotic range.

92
Q

Hyperosmotic regulators?

A

= organisms that need to prevent the net gain of body water from the less concentrate freshwater through permeable gills.

93
Q

Hyperosmotic regulators attributes? (7)

A

• Drink no water.
• Dilute urine.
• Low permeability of skin to salt & water.
• Useful salts retained by reabsorption (large glomerulus).
• Gills actively absorb salts.
• Active tubular reabsorption of NaCl.
• Have gills & kidneys.

94
Q

Egs of hyperosmotic regulators?

A

Freshwater teleosts.

95
Q

Hyposmotic regulators attributes? (7)

A

• Drink sea water.
• Isosmotic urine.
• Ammonia excretion via gills.
• Active tubular reabsorption of MgSO4.
• Divalent ions in glomerulus.
• Uses gills to balance salts.
• Gills & “functioning kidney” (no loop of Henle).

96
Q

Hyposmotic regulators?

A

= animals need to prevent net loss of body water to the more concentrate sea water through permeable gills.

97
Q

Eg of Hyposmotic regulators?

A

Marine teleosts.

98
Q

Hyperosmotic regulators =…?

A

Prevent net gain of water.

99
Q

Hyposmotic regulators =…?

A

Prevent net loss of water.

100
Q

Migrating fish attributes? (4)

A

• Move between freshwater & saltwater.
• Gill epithelial changes to adapt to changing salinity.
• Mediated by endocrine hormones (Prolactin & Cortisol).
• Anadromous (salmon) & catadromous (eels) life cycles.

101
Q

Anadromous fish?

A

= fish that spend most of their adult lives at sea but must return to freshwater to spawn.

102
Q

Catadromous fish?

A

= fish that live most of their adult lives in freshwater but must return to saltwater to spawn.

103
Q

Prolactin function?

A

Increase proton ATPase for NaCl uptake (from marine to freshwater).

104
Q

Cortisol function?

A

Increase chloride cells (from freshwater to marine).

105
Q

Salt glands?

A

= glands specialized for salt excretion.

106
Q

Salt glands attributes? (3)

A

• Create hyperosmotic fluid.
• Enable marine reptiles & birds to gain osmotically free water by drinking sea water.
• Countercurrent system aids concentration of salt solution in nasal.

107
Q

Elaborate on Countercurrent system in nasal glands? (2)

A

• NaCl is actively transported from blood into secretory tubules.
• Blood flows counter to salt secretion.

108
Q

Egs of organisms that have salt glands? (4)

A

• Iguanas.
• Sea snakes.
• Marine turtles.
• Marine birds.

109
Q

Egs of salt excreting cells? (3)

A

• Nasal glands of birds & reptiles.
• Rectal glands of marine elasmobranchs.
• Cl cells within gills of marine teleost fish.

110
Q

Gland types? (2)

A

• Orbital glands.
• Sublingual glands.

111
Q

Sublingual glands?

A

= salt glands that open into the oral cavity.

112
Q

Orbital glands?

A

= slat glands in the orbit of each eye.

113
Q

Eg of organisms with orbital glands?

A

Marine turtles.

114
Q

Eg of organisms with sublingual glands?

A

Sea snakes.

115
Q

How do Na+ diffuse?

A

Via paracellular channels.

116
Q

Mechanism of urine formation?

A

Countercurrent multiplier within the loop of Henle.

117
Q

Explain the countercurrent multiplier within the loop of Henle? (2)

A

● Caused by the ascending limb being impermeable to water as because of this a concentration gradient is created in the interstitial fluid that draws water osmotically from the descending limb.

● This then causes the countercurrent flow within the descending & ascending limbs to increase the osmotic gradient between the tubular fluid & the interstitial space.

118
Q

Descending limb of the loop of Henle attributes? (3)

A

• Permeable to water.
• Not specialized for active transport of solutes.
• Thin.

119
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle attributes? (3)

A

• Impermeable to water.
• Specialized for active transport of solutes.
• Thick.

120
Q

Why is the Ascending limb of the loop of Henle impermeable to water?

A

Its cells lacks aquaporin.

121
Q

Ion composition of the DCT? (5)

A

• Na+.
• Cl-.
• K+.
• H+.
• Ca2+.

122
Q

Why can’t humans drink sea water?

A

Not only is it because humans don’t have physiological adaptations to filter salt from water but it is also discouraged as upon drinking sea water our cells would be in a hypertonic solution and water would then be sucked/pulled out of them to maintain osmoregulation. Resulting in humans dying from dehydration.

123
Q

Egs of Migrating fish? (3)

A

• Salmons.
• Eels.
• Lamphreys

ANIMAL (21 decks)

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