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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kidney shape

A

2 paired, bean shaped structures

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2
Q

Where is the kidney located

A

below the ribcage at each side of the spine

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3
Q

Kidney sort substance from blood for either ______ or ______

A

removal of urine
return to the blood

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4
Q

It is the functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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5
Q

The purpose of nephron

A

filtrates blood
clean blood - bloodstream
waste products - urine

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6
Q

It is a small muscular tube lined with transitional epithelium tissue

A

ureters

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7
Q

Ureters carries the urine from the _____ to the ____

A

renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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8
Q

It acts as a reservoir for urine

A

urinary bladder

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9
Q

The urinary is able to stretch to hold _______

A

large volume of urine

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10
Q

The maximum storage of urine

A

1000ml

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11
Q

What is the volume of noticeable discomfort

A

500ml

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12
Q

What and why is the tissue found in lining of the urinary bladder

A

transitional epithelium tissue
able to stretch

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13
Q

It is fibromuscular tube that carries urine from ____ to the ____

A

urethra
Bladder to the exterior of the body

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14
Q

Who has longer urethra? Male or female

A

male

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15
Q

What are the major organs of the urinary system

A

kidney
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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16
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is the outer kidney region, which is lighter in color

A

renal cortex

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17
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is deep into the cortex

A

renal medulla

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18
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
What is the color of the renal medulla

A

dark, reddish-brown in color

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19
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It is a relatively flat, basin like cavity

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
The renal pelvis is a continuous with the _____ that _____

A

ureter
waste products enters from blood

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21
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It delivers blood to the kidneys

A

renal artery

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22
Q

Anatomical parts of the kidney:
It drains blood out of the kidneys

A

renal veins

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23
Q

List down all the structures of the nephron

A

Renal arteries
Glomerulus
Efferent Arterioles
Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of henle
- descending limb of loop of henle
- ascending limb of loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting tubules

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24
Q

Structure of the nephron:
The function of the glomerulus

A

filters blood

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25
Q

Structure of the nephron:
How does the blood pass through the renal vein

A

it passes through the efferent arterioles

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26
Q

Structure of the nephron:
What enters the proximal convoluted tubules

A

waste products of the blood

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27
Q

Structure of the nephron:
After PCT, where do the waste travel

A

loop of henle

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28
Q

Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the descending limb of loop of henle

A

water absorption

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29
Q

Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the ascending limb of loop of henle

A

sodium, chloride absorption

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30
Q

Structure of the nephron:
The function of the distal convoluted tubules

A

sodium reabsorption

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31
Q

Structure of the nephron:
The function of the the collecting tubules

A

water reabsorption

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32
Q

What are the 3 urine formation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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33
Q

identify the urine formation:
it carries water and solute smaller than protein into the capillary walls into the renal tube

A

Glomerular filtration

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34
Q

identify the urine formation:
it is water water, glucose, amino acids and ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary

A

Tubular reabsorption

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35
Q

identify the urine formation:
it secretes access H+, K+, creating and drugs are removed from the peritubular and secreted by the tubules cell into the filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of testing of urine

A

physical examination of urine
chemical examination of urine

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37
Q

What do u have to check for in the physical examination of urine

A

color
clarity

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38
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Recent fluid consumption

A

colorless/ straw

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39
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Polyuria/ diabetes insipidus
Diabete mellitus
Dilute random specimen

A

pale yellow

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40
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

removal of glucose in the bloodstream

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41
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Concentrated specimen
And what does it mean to be concentrated

A

dark yellow

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42
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
B complex vitamin

A

dark yellow

43
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Bilirubin

A

dark yellow

44
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Phenazopyrine or phenindione.
These are medications for ______

A

orange-yellow
medications for UTI

45
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Homogenizing acid (alkaptonuria)

A

brown/ black

46
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Malignant melanoma

A

brown/ black

47
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Has the presence of porphyrin

A

port wine

48
Q

What is the disease if urine is port wine in color

A

porphyria

49
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Menstrual contamination

A

red

50
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Intake of medication, rifampin and beets

A

red

51
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Has the presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin in the urine

A

red

52
Q

Identify the color of the urine:
Patient has pseudomonas infection

A

green

53
Q

What medications/ vitamins causes the dark yellow urine

A

B-complex vitamin

54
Q

What medications/ vitamins causes the orange- yellow urine

A

phenazopyridine
phenindione

55
Q

What medications/ vitamins causes the red colored urine

A

beets
rifampin

56
Q

How to determine the clarity of the urine

A

specimen shld be in clear container
examine against white backgrnd using adequate room lighting
color and clarity shld be determined at the same time

57
Q

Identify the urine clarity:
No visible particulates, transparent

A

clear

58
Q

Identify the urine clarity:
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

hazy

59
Q

Identify the urine clarity:
Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

cloudy

60
Q

Identify the urine clarity:
Print cannot be seen through urine

A

turbid

61
Q

Identify the urine clarity:
Have precipitate, clotted

A

milky

62
Q

What is the difference between the non pathological and pathological causes of urine turbidity

A

non pathologic - normal
pathologic - possible bs of disease

63
Q

What are some non pathologic causes of urine turbidity

A

Fecal contamination
Vaginal creams
Mucus
Semen
Sq. E cells
Amorphous phosphate carbonates, urates
Talcum powder

64
Q

What are the pathologic causes of urine turbidity

A

RBC > non squamous epithelium cells
WBC > iodine crystals
Bacteria > lymph fluid
Yeast > lipids

65
Q

what is being used in the chemical examinations of the urine? it is used to dip into the urine

A

reagent strip

66
Q

a color producing chemical reaction takes place when the absorbent pad comes in contact with urine and this is interpreted by _________ supplied by the ______ with a required time frame

A

comparing the color produced with a chart
manufacturer

67
Q

dip the reagent strip briefly into a well- mixed uncentrifuged urine specimen at ____

A

room temperature

68
Q

before dipping the reagent strip, u must ____ the uncentrifuged urine specimen well

A

mix

69
Q

how do you remove the excess urine at the reagent strips

A

by touching the edge of the strip to the container as the strip is withdrawn

70
Q

what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
protein

A

60sec

71
Q

what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
glucose

A

30sec

72
Q

what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
pH

A

60sec

73
Q

what is the specified amount of time for the reaction to occur:
specific gravity

A

45sec

74
Q

make sure to read the results after the given time, if done before the time, it can cause _____

A

false results

75
Q

what are some of the errors caused by the improper technique

A

○ Prolonged period of strip in urine may cause
leaching of reagents from pad
○ Not blot excess urine may run-over between
chemicals on adjacent pads and may produce
distortion of colors
○ Inadequate light source
○ Strips are not held close to the color chart
○ Interchange of reagent strips and colors charts
from different manufacturer
○ Refrigerated urine specimens

76
Q

handling and proper storage:
must be protected from deterioration caused by ____, ____, ____ and ____

A

moisture
heat
light
volatile chemicals

76
Q

handling and proper storage:
packed with _____ containers with a desiccant

A

opaque

76
Q

handling and proper storage:
stored at _______ (below ____ degree Celsius)

A

room temp
30

77
Q

handling and proper storage:
bottles shld be _______ and shld not be opened in the presence of ________

A

tightly resealed
volatile fumes

77
Q

handling and proper storage:
bottles are stamped with the ______ and shall not use pass the ____

A

expiration date
expiration date

77
Q

handling and proper storage:
it should be done before using the strip

A

visual inspection

78
Q

what are the 4 parameter strip

A

protein
pH
glucose
specific gravity

79
Q

what is the principal of protein

A

protein error of indicator ()indicator is sensitive to albumin)

80
Q

what is the principal of glucose

A

glucose oxidase reaction

81
Q

what is the principal of pH

A

double indicator system

82
Q

what is the pH for the first morning specimen

A

5.0-6.0

83
Q

what is the pH after a meal

A

more alkaline

84
Q

what is the normal random samples of pH

A

5.4-8.0

85
Q

freshly collected urine does not reach ____ in physiological and pathological conditions

A

> 8.5

86
Q

pH > 8.5 =

A

improperly preserved specimen or contaminated

87
Q

the color of pH if its acidic

A

red-orange to yellow

88
Q

the color of pH if its alkaline

A

green to blue

89
Q

what are some disease if it is acid urine

A

emphysema
starvation
dehydration
diarrhea
high protein diet
cranberry juice

90
Q

what are some disease if it is alkaline urine

A

hyperventilation
vomiting
vegetarian diet

91
Q

reporting: negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ is for …

A

protein and glucose

92
Q

it is the most frequently performed chemical analysis on urine

A

glucose

93
Q

it is recommended prior to sample collection

A

fasting

94
Q

diabetes monitoring: specimens are collected ____ hours after meals

A

2

95
Q

how many hours do u require to fast prior taking the sample collection

A

8hrs

96
Q

it is the density of solution compared with the density of a similar volume of _____ at a similar ____

A

distilled water
temperature

97
Q

what is the color for the specific gravity

A

blue-green-yellow

98
Q

specific gravity only measures

A

ionic solutes

99
Q

higher urine contraction = ______ H+ release = _____ pH

A

more
decreasing

100
Q

_____ ion causes acidic pH

A

hydrogen

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LAB) (15 decks)

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