Exercise 1 (microscope & intro to bacteria)

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

The science and study of small living organisms.

Question 2

Microbiology word roots (in Greek):

Answer 2

-micro (micron)= small -bio= life/living -logy= study/science

Question 3

What is a microorganism (microbe)?

Answer 3

-minute/small living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. -Or organisms too mall to be seen without a microscope.

Question 4

Microscope- Arm

Answer 4

For carrying the microscope.

Question 5

Microscope- Base

Answer 5

Supports microscope.

Question 6

Microscope- Eyepiece (ocular)

Answer 6

Magnifies the object 10X (this microscope is binocular because it contains 2 ocular lenses.)

Question 7

Microscope- Diopter ring

Answer 7

For adjusting the focus to the users eyes.

Question 8

Microscope- Width adjustment

Answer 8

Adjusts distance between ocular lenses to match the distance between eyes of viewer.

Question 9

Microscope- Revolving nosepiece

Answer 9

For rotating the objectives into viewing position.

Question 10

Microscope- Objectives

Answer 10

4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x lens that magnify the specimen.

Question 11

Microscope- Stage

Answer 11

Platform that holds the microscope slide and slide holder.

Question 12

Microscope- Condenser

Answer 12

Lens that condenses the light before it passes through the specimen.

Question 13

Microscope- Iris diaphragm

Answer 13

Controls the amount of light that passes through the condenser lens.

Question 14

Microscope- Daylight filter

Answer 14

Blue filter that provides a short wavelength for maximum resolution.

Question 15

Microscope- Light source

Answer 15

Lamp that illuminates specimen.

Question 16

Microscope- Forward/backward and lateral stage motion knobs

Answer 16

For moving the slide with the specimen.

Question 17

Microscope- Fine and coarse focusing knobs

Answer 17

For focusing the specimen.

Question 18

Microscope

Answer 18

1. Eyepiece
2. Diopter ring
3. .
4. Revolving nosepiece
5. Objective lenses
6. Stage
7. Condenser
8. Iris diaphragm
9. Daylight filter
10. Base
11. Light source

Question 19

Microscope

Answer 19

12. Forward/backward storage motion know

Lateral stage motion know

13. Coarse focus knob

Fine focus knob

14. Condenser focus knob
15. Bright control dial/power switch

Question 20

Robert Hooke

1665

Answer 20

Published “Micrographia,” containing observations of biological materials made with compound microscope. Proposed cell theory

Question 21

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1676

Answer 21

was the first to observe live microorganisms through a simple single-lens microscope (magnifying 300x).

Question 22

Ernst Ruska

1931

Answer 22

Constructed the first electron microscope.

He received Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986

Question 23

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 23

The hypothesis that living organisms are from nonliving mater.

Example: Flies emerge from manure, maggots could arise from decaying corpses.

Question 24

John Needam

1745

Answer 24

Put boiled nutreint broth into covered flasks and observed microbial growth; concluded microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids.

Question 25

Biogenesis

Answer 25

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life.

Question 26

Louis Pasteur 1861

Answer 26

Disproved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation. He used swan-necked flasks in his experiment. This eventually lead to: Development of sterilization and aseptic technique.

Question 27

Ignaz Semmelweiss 1847

Answer 27

Hungarian physician who said that doctors were spreading child bed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients.

Question 28

Louis Pasteur 1857

Answer 28

Proposed the "germ theory" of disease.

Question 29

Joseph Lister 1867

Answer 29

Introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid (phenol) on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably.

Question 30

Robert Koch 1876

Answer 30

German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature. Building on Pasteur's "germ theory," he subsequently published "Koch's postulates" (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease.

Question 31

Robin Warren & Barry Marshall 1982

Answer 31

Identified Helicobacter pylori. They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by stress or spicy food as had been assumed before.