Exercise

Question 1

Why are the categories of physical activities we are engaged in?

Answer 1

everyday activity, especially manual jobs
active recreation
sports

Question 2

What is VO2 max?

Answer 2

The maximal oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise

Question 3

What is VO2 max a good indicator of?

Answer 3

physical aerobic capacity

Question 4

How much oxygen is dissipate with heat?

Answer 4

80%, only 20% goes into doing the exercise

Question 5

Which major artery is the first to get constricted upon intense exercise

Answer 5

splanchnic artery

Question 6

What are the vasodilators involved in heat dissipation

Answer 6

metabolic vasodilators from contracting muscles
NO from endothelium
ATP from unsaturated hemoglobin

Question 7

Why is postural hypertension common post-exercise?

Answer 7

because the MAP is sharply decreased due to muscular vasodilation. BP cannot keep up

Question 8

How do we avoid postural hypertension after exercise

Answer 8

raise the legs and hydrate

Question 9

Why do athletes have a slower heart rate?

Answer 9

Because the stroke volume is higher

Question 10

T/F the period of systole gets extended in an athlete

Answer 10

False, the diastole increases and slows down the HR

Question 11

Why do athletes use EPO?

Answer 11

although exercise increases blood volume, it also dilutes RBC. EPO can increase RBC amount and increase O2 carrying capacity and CO

Question 12

T/F Trained muscles have increased capillary recruitment

Answer 12

True, hence the total delivery of oxygen is enhanced

Question 13

T/F Oxygen saturation is usually not as efficient at the lung when exercising

Answer 13

False, although pulmonary blood flow is faster, the max saturation can still be achieved in most people

Question 14

T/F O2 plays a role in ventilation control

Answer 14

False

Question 15

How does heat impair exercise capacity

Answer 15

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance due to excess sweat
blood diverted to skin rather than muscles

Question 16

How is type I fibre different to type II fibre

Answer 16

type I - higher endurance, higher oxygen capacity

type II - higher force and power output, fatigue prone

Question 17

T/F You can’t change the amount of type II fibres you have

Answer 17

False, it’s just extremely difficult, but it’s much easier the other way around

Question 18

Why is the initial increase in muscle strength so quick with resistance exercise

Answer 18

You are increasing the amount of nerve innervation and motor unit recruitment

Question 19

What are the mitochondrial adaptation with exercise?

Answer 19

increased mitochondrial density and oxidative enzymes
reduced CHO use and lactate production
increased fat oxidation
improved insulin action

Question 20

Which glucose channel is upregulated on muscles with exercise?

Answer 20

GLUT4

Question 21

What happens when athletes “hit the wall”

Answer 21

run out of carbohydrate and only rely on fat

Question 22

Which fuel do we use during sprints

Answer 22

creatine

glycolysis

Question 23

Which fuel do we use in endurance exercise?

Answer 23

aerobic metabolism of fat or carbohydrate

Question 24

At what intensity is fat oxidation most efficient

Answer 24

~50% max intensity (VO2 Max)

Question 25

Why do we use more carbohydrate when we grow older?

Answer 25

because the exercise we do is relatively higher in intensity

Question 26

What is fatigue

Answer 26

inability to maintain the required or expected force or power output

Question 27

When is fatigue pathological

Answer 27

when it manifests at rest

Question 28

What are the feedback signals from the muscles to CNS

Answer 28

running out of ATP | build up of H+ and RoS

Question 29

What do we look for on the ECG when putting a cardiac patient on the treadmill for exercise diagnosis

Answer 29

ST depression

Question 30

What is the Bruce protocol (modified)?

Answer 30

incremental exercise diagnosis, gradually increasing the intensity to avoid premature fatigue

Question 31

What is lactate a byproduct of?

Answer 31

glycolysis and also anaerobic metabolism

Question 32

T/F LT is a better endurance predictor than VO2 max

Answer 32

True, because it reflects the mitochondrial capacity

Question 33

How do we biochemically define a "fit" person

Answer 33

When a person can exercise at high intensity without producing a lot of lactate

Question 34

What does lactate tolerance indicate

Answer 34

muscle oxidative capacity

Question 35

What does the VO2 max indicate?

Answer 35

the max power output

Question 36

T/F moderate level of exercise is maximally beneficial

Answer 36

False, low level of activity gives the sharpest gradient of benefit

Question 37

T/F exercise improves glycaemic control

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F Combined aerobic and resistance exercise is most beneficial

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Why is resistance training beneficial?

Answer 39

it increases the amount of muscle, its protein/fat disposal rate and also the amount of GLUT4

Question 40

T/F Genetics play a huge role in determining fitness and major illnesses

Answer 40

True, an active person with family history of diabetes has higher chance of getting diabetes than an inactive person with no family history

Question 41

T/F Exercise prescription has a dose response relationship in general

Answer 41

True, but there are cases when it isn't. Some individuals developed insulin resistance with exercise

Question 42

What is the main influence on pharmacokinetics with exercise

Answer 42

blood redistribution - more to muscles, less to organs

Question 43

T/F There is more plasma insulin with exercise

Answer 43

True, to increase glucose uptake from muscles

Question 44

What are some mechanisms for exercise-induced hypoglycaemia?

Answer 44

accelerated insulin absorption enhancement of insulin action lack of decline in insulin secretion

Question 45

How does exercise affect GTN uptake?

Answer 45

transdermal - with exercise and skin vasodilation, there is increased uptake

Question 46

How does exercise affect salbutamol?

Answer 46

there is increased RR, so there is higher bioavailability. Drug effect comes on quickly, but also wears off quickly

Question 47

How does exercise affect warfarin?

Answer 47

There is increased binding of warfarin to albumin and increased metabolism. There is decreased warfarin concentration, and less anti-coagulative effect

Question 48

Why is there reduced digoxin effect with exercise?

Answer 48

Re-distribution to the muscles, hence diluting the amount of plasma digoxin

Question 49

T/F Propranolol clearance is more dependent on the kidney

Answer 49

False, it's more dependent on the liver. Atenolol is more dependent on the kidney

Question 50

What are some side effects of exercise?

Answer 50

sudden cardiac death bronchospasm exertional rhabdomyolysis increased accidental injury

Question 51

Exercising 4 time a week doesn't reduce the risk of nonsudden death much more than exercising 1 time a week. Why should we exercise 4 times a week then?

Answer 51

it reduces the risk of sudden death