EXERCISE 4.1

Question 1

intentional multiplication of plants while preserving their unique characteristics

Answer 1

PLANT PROPAGATION

Question 2

Describe sexual propagation

Answer 2

• Involves seeds from fertilization (union of male and female gametes)
• Different result from mother plant
• Mass production and variability
• Rootstocks grown from seeds

Question 3

Describe asexual propagation

Answer 3

• Involves vegetative parts (root, stem, leaves) that grow into identical plants
• Allows cloning of superior plants for mass production
• Early bearing fruits

Question 4

Asexual seed production where the embryo forms from an unreduced egg or nucellar tissues, resulting in a clone of the mother plant.

Answer 4

Apomixis

Question 5

Development of multiple embryos within a single seed, typically featuring one sexual embryo and additional asexual embryos.

Answer 5

Polyembryony

Question 6

May include extraction (e.g. threshing), cleaning, fermentation, drying, storage etc.

Answer 6

Seed processing

Question 7

The ability of the seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling under favorable conditions.

Answer 7

Seed viability

Question 8

A physical or physiological condition of viable seed that prevents germination even in the presence of otherwise favorable conditions.

Answer 8

Seed dormancy

Question 9

TYPES OF SEED DORMANCY

Answer 9

Exogenous or Coat-Imposed Dormancy and Endogenous or Physiological Dormancy

Question 10

What type of seed dormancy uses the following breaking method/s?

• Pre-washing or leaching
• Dry storage or after-ripening
• Pre-chilling
• Pre-heating
• Light treatment
• Application of chemicals and hormones
• Stratification

Answer 10

Endogenous or Physiological Dormancy

Question 11

What type of seed dormancy uses the following breaking method/s?

Scarification - by abrasions, machines, or acid

Answer 11

Exogenous or Coat-Imposed Dormancy

Question 12

Seeds that can be dried to low moisture content and stored at low temperatures without losing viability for extended periods.

Answer 12

Orthodox

Question 13

Seeds that can tolerate 10-12% moisture content; stored in hermetic containers

Answer 13

Intermediate

Question 14

Seeds that lose viability when moisture content falls below a critical level (12 - 30%).

Answer 14

Recalcitrant

Question 15

A cold treatment process that enhances germination and promotes early flowering in certain plant species.

Answer 15

Vernalization

Question 16

Coatings applied to seeds before sowing to enhance plant growth and health

Answer 16

Inoculants

Question 17

A method where parts of a plant (like bulbs or corms) are separated and planted to grow new individuals.

Answer 17

Separation

Question 18

Involves splitting a plant into multiple parts, each with roots and shoots, allowing each piece to grow into a new plant.

Answer 18

Division

Question 19

Taking a section of a stem, leaf, or root and planting it to develop roots and new growth.

Answer 19

Cutting

Question 20

Joining parts from two different plants (scion and rootstock) to grow as a single plant, combining desirable traits.

Answer 20

Grafting

Question 21

A form of grafting where a bud from one plant is inserted into the stem of another plant, allowing the bud to grow into a new plant

Answer 21

Budding

Question 22

Also known as air layering, this involves inducing roots to form on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant, then severing it to create a new plant.

Answer 22

Marcotting

Question 23

A tissue culture technique that involves growing plants from small tissue samples under sterile conditions, allowing for rapid multiplication and disease-free plants.

Answer 23

Micropropagation