Exercise 5 - General Pig Anatomy Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Near or toward the head end.
A
Anterior
2
Q
Near or toward the tail end.
A
Caudal
3
Q
Some distance below the surface
A
Deep
4
Q
Far from a point of reference
A
Distal
5
Q
Near or toward the back
A
Dorsal
6
Q
Relating to a plane separating dorsal from ventral. For quadrupeds, the plane is usually parallel to the ground.
A
Frontal plane
7
Q
Near or towards the sides, left, or right
A
Lateral
8
Q
Near or toward the middle
A
Median
9
Q
Relating to the chest and shoulder region
A
Pectoral
10
Q
Relating to the hip region
A
Pelvic
11
Q
Near or toward the hind end
A
Posterior
12
Q
Close to a point of reference
A
Proximal
13
Q
Relating to the midplane that divides the structure into right and left halves
A
Sagittal plane
14
Q
On or near the surface
A
Superficial
15
Q
Relating to a plane separating anterior and posterior (it is a crosswise plane that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis)
A
Transverse plane
16
Q
Near or toward the belly
A
Ventral
17
Q
anus
A
end of the digestive canal
18
Q
epitrichium
A
outer layer of the epidermis; a thin, transparent layer of skin; normally sloughed off before birth by the development of the hairs underneath it
19
Q
scrotal sacs
A
pouch to contain testes, regulates temperature of testes; appear as swellings beneath the skin
20
Q
umbilicus or umbilical cord
A
attaches fetus to placenta for nutrient and metabolic waste exchange via blood
21
Q
urogenital opening
A
orifice where urine exits the body
22
Q
urogenital papilla
A
fleshy protuberance on female urogenital openings
23
Q
thoracic cavity
A
anterior to the abdominal cavity; holds the heart, lungs, and associated organs
24
Q
heart
A
muscle that pumps blood through vessels by rhythmic contractions
25
lungs
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells
26
pericardium
sac that surrounds the heart
27
pleura
sac that surrounds the lungs
28
mediastinum
thoracic cavity between the pleural cavity from sternum to spine; separates the lungs from the regions occupied by the heart and other organs
29
abdominal cavity
holds bulk of viscera or organs such as the stomach
30
diaphragm
divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; draws air into lungs
31
liver
removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile; four-lobed; directly posterior to diaphragm
32
spleen
long and flat; produces lymphocytes, stores and destroys erythrocytes; destroys red blood cells and stores a reservoir of blood
33
stomach
acidic environment used for storage and chemical digestion; posterior and to left of liver; storage of proteins and fats; allows animal to eat rapidly and then sneak off to digest in a safe place
34
cardiac end
the anterior end of the stomach; end of the stomach closest to the heart
35
pylorus
region of stomach that connects to duodenum
36
pyloric sphincter
end of the pylorus; where food first flows into the first portion of the small intestine (duodenum)
37
small intestine
site of chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; major organ of digestion and absorption
38
duodenum
connects stomach to jejunum; chemical digestion occurs; where enzymes of pancreas enter small intestine
39
jejunum
central section of the small intestine between duodenum and ileum; main area of nutrient absorption
40
ileum
final section of small intestine; absorbs B12 and bile salts
41
pancreas
mass of light yellow tissue lying between the stomach and duodenum; enzymes of which enter the small intestine through a minute duct; enzymes break down the three major classifications of food: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; an exocrine and endocrine gland that produces enzymes to break down fats and proteins and secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar
42
gallbladder
stores bile; lies dorsal to the right, posterior lobe of the liver; introduces bile to the digestive tract at the duodenum
43
bile
a watery greenish fluid produced by the liver and carried via the hepatic duct and cystic duct to the gallbladder for storage; salts of which break down and hydrate large globules of fat into smaller droplets; in humans contributes to the yellow color of urine and the reddish-brown of feces
44
bile duct
carries bile from the liver to the small intestine
45
large intestine
extracts water from feces and returns it to the body; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine
46
colon
posterior end of the large intestine; extracts water from feces; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine; essentially a storage organ; retains undigested solids remaining after digestion by the small intestine while water and water-soluble nutrients are absorbed
47
caecum
beginning of large intestine; used to store food for microbial breakdown; symplesiomorphic character of human's appendix; small piece of intestine projecting from the point of connection between the small intestine and colon
48
appendix
in humans, the distal end of the caecum
49
rectum
stores feces
50
anal canal
colon --> rectum --> anal canal --> anus
51
anus
dorsal/posterior end of the digestive system where solid waste exits
52
What is the function of the liver?
removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile
53
What does the small intestine require the pancreas to do to aid in digestion?
produce enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
54
scrotal swellings
[male] extension of abdomen that contains testes; pouches that will develop into the scrotum and will hold the descended testes; acts as a temperature control device, holding the testes away from the body to cool and drawing them near when higher temperatures are needed
55
processus vaginalis
[male] clear sac that each testis lies within (incl. peritoneal membrane)
56
epididymis
[male] tube that connects the testicles to the vas deferens; stores sperm; mass of coiled tubules that comprise the testis
57
vas deferens
[male] inside the spermatic cord; carries sperm from epididymis to urethra; epididymis empties into this; runs through the spermatic cord
58
spermatic cord
[male] vas deferens and surrounding tissue, bundles and protects blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens; contains the spermatic artery, vein, and nerve
59
inguinal canal
[male] passage into the abdomen that contains spermatic cord; vas deferens runs out through this
60
urethra
[male] transports urine from bladder to urogenital opening; both vas deferens empty into this
61
pelvic girdle
[male and female] area of the body enclosed by the pelvis, surrounds reproductive organs, and protects lower abdominal organs
62
bulbourethral / Cowper's gland
[male] secretes pre-ejaculate; contributes secretions to the semen; two large, white, hardened glandular masses
63
penis
[male] reproductive organ to carry sperm to female and excretory organ for urine, male copulatory organ; copulatory organ; long, tubular structure lying beneath the skin; runs from near anus to the urogenital opening
64
testis
produce sperm and testosterone
65
What is the pathway of sperm from production to exit in the body?
testis --> epididymis --> vas deferens (spermatic cord, inguinal canal) --> urethra
66
What is the function of the testis?
to produce sperm and testosterone
67
What is the function of the penis?
to deliver sperm to the female and to excrete urine
68
ovaries
[female] produce eggs; also source of estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones; resemble small white beans about 1/4 inch in size; dorsal, posterior area of the abdominal cavity; surrounded by mesenteric tissue
69
fallopian tube or oviduct
[female] connect ovaries to the uterus; egg transport; threadlike structures wrapping around and behind the ovaries; expand and join into the uterine horns
70
uterine horns
[female] points where the uterus and fallopian tubes or oviducts meet and site of fetal development [in pigs]; two obvious structures; eggs move from the ovaries through the oviducts and enter these; the site of embryo development
71
uterus
[female] reproductive organ that opens to the cervix and fallopian tubes, accepts a fertilized egg; in humans, the embryo develops in this; continuous with the vagina
72
vagina
[female] leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body, female copulatory organ; thick and tubular; continuous with uterus; joins with urethra
73
urethra
[female] tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; vagina and bladder join with this, empties into urogenital sinus
74
urogenital sinus
[female] part of the excretory system where urine is stored before it exits the body; urethra empties into this; last passageway before urogenital orifice
75
urogenital orifice
[female] where urine exits the female body; where fluids exit the body
76
What is the pathway of the egg from production to exit in the female body?
[pigs] ovary --> oviducts/fallopian tube --> uterine horns (develops into fetus) --> body of uterus --> cervix --> vagina --> urogenital orifice
77
What is the function of the uterus?
accepts fertilized eggs
78
What is the function of the fallopian tube (oviduct)?
connect ovaries to uterus (egg transport)
79
kidney
filter blood to remove waste; regulate blood pressure; maintain a homeostatic balance of body fluids; filter blood and remove wastes such as salts and minerals, convert wastes to urea which combines with water to form urine, regulate plasma concentrations of ions and glucose in regulation of blood pressure; red, bean-shaped
80
peritoneal tissue
surrounds kidney
81
renal vein and artery
surround kidney
82
ureter
ducts from kidneys to the bladder; urine transport; white tube which carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
83
bladder
stores and collects urine produced by kidneys; stores urine until it is released through the urethra
84
urethra
tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; takes urine from bladder and out through penis or urogenital orifice
85
What is the pathway of urine from production to exit?
kidney --> ureter --> bladder --> urethra --> penis/urogenital opening
86
How does a ureter differ from the urethra?
ureter is kidney to bladder, whereas urethra is bladder to outside of body
87
larynx
voice box; generates sound; bulbous, in neck
88
thymus gland
produces T cells; surround larynx; large, whitish gland which plays a key role in the formation of the immune system, shrinking as individuals reach adulthood; extends to and may partially cover the anterior portion of the heart
89
trachea
airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange from body to environment; adjacent and posterior to the larynx; lined with cartilaginous rings for support
90
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that controls metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation; lies adjacent to the trachea; endocrine gland; do not release secretions through ducts, rather they release directly into bloodstream via the veins and arteries that nourish them
91
vocal folds
lie close to the larynx wall, develop into vocal cords
92
How does the thymus gland differ from the thyroid gland?
the thymus gland is involved with the immune system (T cell formation), whereas the thyroid gland is involved with metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation
93
Where is the thymus gland located?
surrounds the larynx
94
Where is the thyroid gland located?
adjacent to trachea
95
What organ is affected when a person has laryngitis?
the larynx (which includes vocal cords)
96
parotid gland
largest salivatory gland; secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies close to the surface, dorsal and posterior to jaw; empties via a duct external to the molars
97
submaxillary gland
secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies ventral to and near the angle of the jaw; reddish; duct runs along the jaw and empties into the center of the mouth, beneath the tongue
98
sublingual gland
secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; found directly beneath the tongue and within the musculature of the lower jaw
99
What three glands begin digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth with production of saliva?
parotid gland, submaxillary gland, sublingual gland
100
buccal cavity
mouth; used to intake food; at the back of the throat; mouth; narrows into opening in the pharynx
101
pharynx
used as a passage for both air and food
102
esophagus
muscular tube that carries food into stomach; after swallowing, food moves across the pharynx and enters this
103
hard palate
roof of the mouth, ridged and hard
104
soft palate
opens from the pharynx, revealing the nasopharynx
105
nasopharynx
open cavities in the nose
106
posterior nares
extend to external nares
107
external nares
opening to outside of snout for oxygen exchange; form nostrils in snout
108
nostrils
opening for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through
109
snout
.
110
epiglottis
entrance to the glottis that prevents food from entering larynx when swallowing; safety mechanism to prevent suction of food into the lungs [same in pigs and humans]; backward movement of the tongue closes this over the glottis, sealing the air passages from food
111
glottis
space between the vocal cords used in producing sound; epiglottis closes over this, sealing the air passages from food
112
uvula
[humans] fleshy protuberance hanging from the back of the center of our throats; seals off the nasal passages, allows for the passage of food (and air when breathing through mouth)
113
How does the esophagus differ from the trachea in function and location?
the esophagus (muscular tube) carries food to the stomach, whereas the trachea (lined with cartilaginous rings for support) is the airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide from body to environment
114
The external nares belong to what system?
the respiratory system
115
The epiglottis belongs to what system(s)?
digestive, respiratory
