Exercise 5 - Introduction To Bone Structure

Question 1

How many bones are in the adult human body

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What are sutural bones

Answer 2

small, flat bones found within skull sutures
High degree of individual variation in number and size

Question 3

What are flat bones

Answer 3

Thin
Protect underlying structures
Large surface area for tendon and ligament attachment
Eg. cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula

Question 4

What are long bones

Answer 4

Longer than wide
Most common type of bone
Range from very large femur to small phalangeal bones

Question 5

What are sesamoid bones

Answer 5

Small flat bones
Shaped like a sesame seed
Develop inside tendons
Everyone has patellas

Question 6

What are irregular bones

Answer 6

Complex shape with notches and processes
Eg. vertebrae

Question 7

What are short bones

Answer 7

Similar in length and width
Roughly cube-shaped
Eg. carpals and tarsals

Question 8

What is a foramen

Answer 8

Usually a round hole
For blood vessels and nerve passages

Question 9

What is a process

Answer 9

Generally for any projection or poking out

Question 10

What is a sinus

Answer 10

Open chamber within a bone
Usually air-filled

Question 11

What is a fissure

Answer 11

Long, narrow gap

Question 12

What is a meatus or canal

Answer 12

Round channel or tunnel larger than a foramen

Question 13

What is a groove or sulcus

Answer 13

Narrow depression

Question 14

What is a tubercle

Answer 14

Small, rounded process

Question 15

What is a tuberosity

Answer 15

Small rough process

Question 16

What is a facet

Answer 16

Small, almost flat surface
For articulation in a joint

Question 17

What is a head

Answer 17

Large smooth rounded process
For articulation in a joint

Question 18

What is a trochanter

Answer 18

Large rough process

Question 19

What is a neck

Answer 19

Narrow connection between head and rest of the bone

Question 20

What is a line

Answer 20

Very narrow ridge

Question 21

What is a epicondyle

Answer 21

Raised area above a condyle

Question 22

What is a condyle

Answer 22

Smooth rounded process for articulation in a joint

Question 23

What is a crest

Answer 23

Prominent narrow ridge

Question 24

What is a fossa

Answer 24

Shallow depression on surface of a bone

Question 25

What is a spine

Answer 25

Narrow and pointed processes

Question 26

What is a ramus

Answer 26

A branch of bone Makes an angle to rest of the structure

Question 27

What is articular cartilage

Answer 27

Composed of hyaline cartilage Covers portion of each epiphysis involved in a joint

Question 28

What is spongy bone

Answer 28

Cavities of spongy bone house red bone marrow Site of hematopoiesis (blood formation)

Question 29

What is epiphyseal line

Answer 29

Called metaphysics or epiphyseal plate when cartilage is present Narrow zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis In growing children composed of cartilage and site for lengthening of the bone Becomes ossified in adults

Question 30

What is the medullary cavity

Answer 30

Chamber within diaphysis Contains yellow bone marrow Lined with spongy bone

Question 31

What is the endosteum

Answer 31

Connective tissue membrane Lines the medullary cavity

Question 32

What is yellow bone marrow

Answer 32

Found in the medullary cavity Gets its yellow color from an abundance of fat cells

Question 33

What is the periosteum

Answer 33

Thin connective tissue covering surface of long bone Anchored to surface of bone

Question 34

What is the proximal epiphysis

Answer 34

Upper end of the long bone Composed primarily of spongy bone with thin covering of compact bone

Question 35

What is diaphysis

Answer 35

Tube-shaped shaft of long bone Longer than it is wide Hallow cavity in the center Composed of both compact and spongy bone

Question 36

What is distal epiphysis

Answer 36

Lower end of the long bone Same composition as proximal epiphysis

Question 37

What is a cancliculi

Answer 37

Network of tiny canals that connect lacunae to each other Allows nutrients to reach osteocytes

Question 38

What is a osteocyte

Answer 38

Mature bone cells Does not produce new matrix Does remove or rebuild old matrix to maintain mineral levels in blood

Question 39

What is a lacuna

Answer 39

Open space between lamellae Each houses one osteocyte

Question 40

What is an osteon

Answer 40

Called an Haversian system Cylinder shaped unit Gives compact bone its unique appearance Consists of rings of lamellae around a central canal

Question 41

What is a lamellae

Answer 41

Layer of matrix in compact bone Lacunae and osteocytes found between adjacent lamellae

Question 42

What is circumferential lamellae

Answer 42

Layers of matrix found around outer surface of a bone

Question 43

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 43

Layers of matrix filling the spaces between osteons

Question 44

What is compact bone

Answer 44

Matrix is organized into osteons Resistant to stress Found in walls of diaphysis

Question 45

What is perforating fibers

Answer 45

Also called Sharpey’s fibers Collagenous fibers Anchor periosteum to bone surface

Question 46

What does spongy bone look like

Answer 46

Canellous bone Lattice-like appearance Found in epiphyses lining the medullary canal at each end of the diaphysis and the interior of flat bones

Question 47

What is a osteoclast

Answer 47

Giant bone cell Multi-uncleared Dissolves and removes the matrix of bones

Question 48

What is a osteoblast

Answer 48

Bone cells producing new matrix in bones Convert to osteocytes when become surrounded by matrix

Question 49

What is trabeculae

Answer 49

Matrix arrangement in spongy bone Lattice-like network Osteocytes within lacunae scattered throughout Forms open spaces that house red bone marrow