exercise biochemistry in clinical populations Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
what does exercise biochemistry in clinical population investigate?
A
- changes in biochemical reactions during exercise
2
Q
what is exercise described as?
A
- physiological stress
- pulls at the energy end as needs increased ATP
3
Q
what happens to the metabolic processes if you are physically inactive?
A
- become less sufficient
- energy put in (food) blocks up the processes causing diseases
4
Q
what are metabolic processes affected by?
A
- factors such as age
5
Q
what are the three things we assess when looking at someone with a health condition?
A
- specific cell process
- organ health
- whole body health
6
Q
what are the four factors that are examined?
A
- function
- size
- blood flow
- cell activity
7
Q
relate the four factors examined to muscle health
A
- function= produce contractions
- size= dependent on response to training
- blood flow= oxygen and nutrient flow
- activity = ATP
8
Q
what is sarcopenia?
A
- progressive and generalised muscle disorder whereby there is a loss of muscle mass and function
9
Q
what increases sarcopenia?
A
- age
10
Q
what is frailty defined as?
A
- clinical syndrome in which 3+ of the criteria are present
11
Q
what are the criteria’s of frailty ? (5)
A
- un- intentional weight loss
- self- reported exhaustion
- weakness (grip strength)
- slow walking speed
- low physical activity
12
Q
what has been frailty been argued to be?
A
- normal ageing
13
Q
what does frailty cause high risks for?
A
- falls, disabilities, hospitalization, and mortality
14
Q
what are people with frailty considered? what ability does it relate to?
A
- considered psychologically weak; disease of the brain
- relates to our ability to move around so can be defined as disease of the muscle
15
Q
what are the measures of frailty?
A
- Garmin device
- blood sample (how responsive vessels were to BP changes)
- sit to stand test
- 6- minute walk test
16
Q
what is the most common test for frailty?
A
- short physical performance battery
- handgrip strength, balance, chair stand and gait speed
17
Q
what else do frailty measures investigate? what question does this raise?
A
- impact on anxiety, depression, fatigued, motivated and how vital they felt
- do underlying biochemical changes affect psychological status ?
18
Q
what is frailty linked to?
A
- cardiovascular disease, diabetes and dementia
19
Q
what is the UK biobank?
A
- large collection of data whereby people have donated their data from studies to a bank so others can access and review data
20
Q
what risk was found in those with pre- frail and frail compared to non- frail?
A
- study found a higher risk of dementia in pre- frail and frail individuals> non- frail
21
Q
By preventing frailty, how many dementia cases could be prevented?
A
- 9% of dementia cases prevented
22
Q
what is the harzard ratio?
A
- measure of an effect of an intervention on an outcome of interest over time
23
Q
what is the effect of frailty on diabetes?
A
- associated with incident DM in older community dwellers
- independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in older DM patients
24
Q
what is the effect of diabetes on frailty?
A
- linked to incident frailty
- predicts transition to higher- frailty level
- vascular complication of DM & malnutrition lead to functional decline
25
what are the 5 shared pathophysiology between frailty and diabetes?
- sarcopenic obesity
- hormonal & metabolic changes
- chronic inflammation
- oxidative stress
- mitochondrial dysfunction
26
what happens if the muscle is less able to function?
- muscle becomes less sensitive to glucose
- so movement is impacted
27
what does mitochondrial dysfunction affect?
- affects respiration so less ATP produced causing oxidated stress
28
what causes oxidated stress? can it be beneficial?
- occurs when oxidation and reduction are no longer in balance
- oxidative reactions can't be suppressed
- can be beneficial to cause adaptations to exercise
29
what can continued oxidated stress cause?
- cell dysfunction
- this combined with mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation explains many diseases
30
what are biomarkers?
- biological markers that represent changes happening
31
how can you access information using biomarkers?
- from a blood sample
32
what are the most reliable biomarkers?
- stable
- quick to measure
33
what are common biomarkers? why are these easy to test?
- cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides
- within particular range in a healthy individual
34
what would be the ideal assessment for dementia? what is the limitation?
- brain biopsy
- dangerous as may lead to death
35
how is dementia assessed safely ? what is the limitation?
- brain fluid assessed
limitation= blood brain barrier filters the blood
36
what other assessment may you carry out to assess dementia? linked to spine
- lumbar puncture
- as brain fluid is exchanged with cerebrospinal fluid
- invasive
37
what happens if you leave a blood sample on the bench after you've taken it into a tube?
- natural clotting process of the blood will cause RBCs to clot at the bottom
38
what happens after the RBCs clot at the bottom?
- tube is left with a serum sample
- see through
39
what does the sample undergo and what layer forms?
- undergoes centrifugation
- white blood cells and platelets from a little later between the RBCs and plasma
40
what are biological sample described as? what does this require?
- complex mixtures
- requires separation techniques to allow the assessment of individual components
41
what do separation techniques rely on? what can they be separated based on?
- rely on using the properties of the separate components
- separated based on mass and change
42
what are the common separation techniques ?
- spectrophotometry
- mass spectroscopy
- chromatography
- western blotting
43
what is HBA1C? what should the level be below?
- biomarker used to measure average blood glucose levels to assess type 2 diabetes across 2-3 months
- should be below 42 mmol/ mol
44
what is HBA1C known as? what does this allow?
- known as glycated haemoglobin as sticks to RBCs meaning it is stable and accurate
- results aren't affected by factors like eating
45
what is psychosis ?
- severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality
46
when is psychosis mainly diagnosed?
- at the age of 18-25
47
what are positive symptoms?
- symptoms that are added on
e.g., hallucinations, delusions
48
what are negative symptoms?
- taken away
e.g., lack of interest/ motivation
49
what are the benefits of intervening during the first episode of psychosis?
- may prevent the development of schizophrenia
- schizophrenia = complicated mental health problem
50
what is PANSS? what symptoms should be reduced and what should be increased?
- positive and negative symptom score
- positive reduced (no delusions)
- negative increased (gain vitality and motivation)
51
what was studied to investigate effect of exercise intensity?
- V02 max and HR max desired to capture people in moderate intensity range around 50-70%
- imaging used to demonstrate changes in the brain
52
why were levels of metabolic change, cytokines and inflammation studied relating to schizophrenia?
- showed that negative symptoms were much more associated with biochemical markers
- if individuals is inflamed then their immune system is behaving as if they've got an infection
- controlling inflammation w exercise reduced negative symptoms
53
when are questionnaire measures used?
- used alongside physiological measures to probe if biochemical changes have an effect on quality of life and if interventions affects quality of life
54
what are the 6 domains of functioning covered by WHODAA?
- cognition: understanding & communicating
- mobility : moving & getting around
- self- care : hygiene, dressing, eating & staying alone
- getting along w other people
- life activities: domestic responsibilities, leisure, work & school
- participation in community activities
55
what does WHOQUOL assess?
- individuals' perceptions of their position in life in context of the culture and value systems in relation to goals, expectations, standards and concerns
56
how many settings was WHOQUOL developed in?
- developed in 15 cultural settings
- tested in 37 settings
- 29 language versions
57
what is involved in the physical health domain of WHOQUOL?
- mobility, daily activities, functional capacity, energy, pain, sleep
58
what is involved in psychological domain of WHOQUOL?
- self- image, negative thoughts, positive attitudes, self- esteem, learning ability, concentration, religion
59
what does interdisciplinary studies describe?
- how physiology and psychology can help us to understand health and disease
