Exercise Physiology 2 Flashcards by sophie hawkes

What is the only form of USABLE energy in the body?

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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Which enzyme breaks down ATP?

ATPase

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What does the breakdown of ATP result in?

ADP + P + ENERGY

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What type of reaction is the breakdown of ATP?

Exothermic

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What is an exothermic reaction?

A compound is broken down into smaller elements as energy is released

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How long does the ATP stored in the body last?

Approximately 3 seconds

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Which systems works to resynthesise ATP once the body’s stores run out?

ATP-PC system

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What is the source of the ATP-PC system?

Phosphocreatine (PC)

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Which enzyme breaks down PC?

Creatine kinase

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What does the breakdown of PC produce?

Creatine, Phosphate & ENERGY

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What is the purpose of the energy produced through the breakdown of PC?

To help resynthesise ADP + P into ATP

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Where does the coupled reaction involved in the ATP-PC system take place?

Muscle sarcoplasm

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What three types of reaction are involved in the ATP-PC system?

Endothermic, Reversible, Coupled

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What is an endothermic reaction?

When a group of elements combine to form a compound/the reaction ABSORBS energy

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What is a coupled reaction?

Where the products of one reaction are used by another

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Where is there an example of a coupled reaction in the ATP-PC system?

Where the products of the breakdown of PC (Exothermic) are used to resynthesise ADP into ATP (Endothermic)

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How much PC is there stored in the body?

Approximately 8 seconds

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Describe 5 advantages of the ATP-PC system

Provides ATP quickly
Provides energy for fast, high intensity activities.
No harmful by-products
PC readily available in muscle cell
No delay for oxygen

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Describe 3 disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

Only a small amount of PC stored in muscle cells
Small amount of ATP is resynthesized (1 mole)
Only provides energy for maximum of 8-10 seconds

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What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?

1:1

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What is the main source/fuel for the Glycolytic System?

Stored muscle GLYCOGEN

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What is the name of the enzyme that converts stored Glycogen into Glucose?

Glycogen Phosphorylase (GPP)

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What is glucose converted into in the glycolytic system?

Pyruvic Acid

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What is the name of the enzyme that converts glucose into pyruvic acid?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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What is also produced as a result of converting glucose into pyruvic acid?

2 ATP

If there is insufficient oxygen, the glycolytic system is likely to be dominant. In this case what is pyruvic acid converted into?

Lactic acid

What is the name of the enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid?

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

What is the energy yield of the glycolytic system?

1:2

Where does the glycolytic system take place?

Muscle sarcoplasm

When does the glycolytic system begin to be dominant?

At around 10 seconds of intense exercise

Name 4 advantages of the glycolytic system.

- Energy can be provided quickly for activities up to 3 minutes - Oxygen is not required so there is no delay - Large amount of stored glycogen can provide more ATP than stores of PC - Lactic acid can be recycled for further energy production

Name 4 disadvantages of the glycolytic system.

- Lactic acid (Hydrogen Ions) inhibits muscular contraction - OBLA (causes fatigue) - By product Lactic Acid reduces pH and prevents enzyme function - Relatively low ATP yield with long recovery

What is OBLA and when does it usually occur?

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation: The point at which blood lactate levels significantly increase and fatigue sets in - 4mmol/l

What happens when you reach the lactate threshold?

When lactate production exceeds rate of removal

When sufficient oxygen is available, which energy system could be dominant if the intensity is not high?

Aerobic system

What happens to Pyruvic Acid instead of converting to lactic acid if oxygen is available?

It combines with Coenzyme A to become Acetyl CoA.

How can you remember the path of Pyruvic Acid into the Kreb's Cycle?

PCAOC (Peacock). Pyruvic acid + CoenzymeA = Acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetic acid = Citric Acid

What happens to Citric Acid in the aerobic system?

It enters the Kreb's Cycle.

Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?

Matrix of the Mitochondria.

What are the three phases of the aerobic system?

1. Aerobic Glycolysis 2. Kreb's Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

What happens in the Kreb's Cycle?

Citric Acid enters, Co2 is released, Hydrogen atoms are produced, 2ATP is produced, Oxaloacetic Acid is produced.

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

Mitochondria Cristae

What is the first substance to enter the Electron Transport Chain?

Hydrogen

What carries Hydrogen into the Electron Transport Chain?

NADs and FADs

What do NADS and FADS become when they combined with Hydrogen?

NADH and FADH

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

Hydrogen in split into Hydrogen ions, which combine with Oxygen to produce H20 and 34 ATP.

What is the energy yield of the aerobic system?

1:38 2 ATP from Aerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP from the Kreb's Cycle 34 ATP from the ETC

What other substance does the aerobic energy system use as a source/fuel?

Body fat

What is the name of the fats that are used in the aerobic system?

Triglycerides (broken down by lipase) into Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)

What is thus process known as? (Triglycerides being broken down and converted into FFA)

Beta-oxidation

What is an advantage of using fats as an energy source?

Much larger quantities of ATP are produced

What are the disadvantages of using fats as an energy source?

- Large amounts of oxygen are needed - It takes a long time - It can't be relied upon for a sudden burst of high intensity activity

Which energy systems contribute to physical activity?

They ALL contribute to ALL physical activity but one is likely to be dominant.

What 5 factors contribute towards determining the dominant energy system?

- Duration of activity - Intensity of activity - Availability of fuel source - Availability of oxygen - The fitness level/physiological adaptations of the performer

What is EPOC?

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

What are the two components of recovery or EPOC?

Fast-Alactacid Recovery Slow-Lactactic Recovery

Which type of exercise has a higher oxygen demand and thus greater EPOC?

Anaerobic rather than Aerobic

What are the processes behind alactic debt/recovery?

- Fast recovery and occurs first - Consumes 1-4L of O2 - Takes 1-3 minutes - Replenishes blood O2 - Relinks oxygen in the muscle myoglobin - Replenishes ATP and PC stores

What are the processes behind lactic debt/recovery?

- Slower recovery and occurs second - Consumes 5-8L of O2 - Takes between 1-24 hours - Removes lactic acid and replenishes glycogen - Provides energy for ventilation and circulation - Regulates temperature

What are the work:rest ratios in the following scenarios? - Power/Explosive training - Lactate threshold - Aerobic work/Continuous training

- 1:3 - 1:2 - 1:1

What is the work:rest ratio for plyometric training?

1:5

Identify 7 methods to enhance recovery

- Warm up - Active recovery (cool down) - Cooling aids - Intensity of training - Work: rest ratios - Tactics - Nutrition

What height is considered at altitude?

1500m

What is the minimum altitude necessary for optimal acclimatisation?

2000m

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen at altitude?

PPO2 is much lower.

Identify 6 immediate impacts of altitude on the body (pre-acclimatization).

- Within the first few hours of exposure to altitude - Blood volume decreases (by up to 25%) - SV decreases (increasing HR) - Slightly raises Q (cardiac output) - Rate of O2 diffusion decrease - Reduces Hb saturation - Increases breathing frequency - Maximal Q, SV and HR decreases

What are the three main stages of altitude?

1. Acclimatization 2. Training 3. Recovery

What is the immediate impact of altitude on anaerobic performance e.g. sprinting, throwing, jumping?

Either UNAFFECTED or performance IMPROVES depending on the event.

What is the immediate impact of altitude on aerobic performance?

Performance DETERIORATES

Do athletes have to spend the entire time at altitude?

No they can come down from altitude to sleep below an altitude of 300m.

What immediate impacts does altitude have on lactic acid production?

Increases lactic acid production as a result of reduced oxygen and induces earlier OBLA.

What is the normal human body temperature?

37 Degrees

What negative impacts can heat have on the body?

- Fluid loss - Dehydration - Reduced O2 to working muscles - Strain on CV system - Muscle cramps - Early fatigue - Increased mucous production - Airway constriction - Decreased volume of gas exchange

What is cardiovascular drift caused by?

Dehydration caused by sweating as a result of the body cooling itself (thermoregulation). This increases blood viscosity (thickness) which causes the heart to work harder to meet oxygen demand.

What impact does cardiovascular drift have on the heart?

Increased HR