Exocrine Glands

Question 1

Sx’s = 1˚ amenorrhea, lack of pubic hair, ambiguous genitalia (undescended testes)

Answer 1

17-OH deficiency

Question 2

Hashimoto disease =

Answer 2

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland d/t Anti-TPO or Anti-Thyroglobulin Ab’s

Question 3

Bx = sheets of malignant cells in amyloid stroma

Answer 3

Medullary carcinoma

Question 4

Graves disease =

Answer 4

AutoAb stimulation of TSH-R

Question 5

Bx = irregular follicles w/ scalloped colloid and chronic inflammation

Answer 5

Graves disease

Question 6

Addison disease =

Answer 6

Chronic adrenal insufficiency d/t autoimmune destruction of the adrenals

Question 7

Liddle syndrome =

Answer 7

Decreased degradation of Na channels in collecting tubules (mimics hyperaldosteronism)

Question 8

Cause of Cushing syndrome if ACTH is high =

Answer 8

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, Ectopic ACTH secretion

Question 9

Difference b/w 1˚ and 2˚ Hyperparathyroidism =

Answer 9

1˚ = excess PTH from Parathyroid; 2˚ = excess PTH from exogenous source

Question 10

Bx = chronic inflammation w/ germinal centers and Hurthle cells

Answer 10

Hashimoto disease

Question 11

Which nuclei form ADH and Oxytocin

Answer 11

ADH = supraoptic; Oxytocin = paraventricular

Question 12

Gigantism =

Answer 12

GH adenoma in kids –> increased linear bone growth

Question 13

Sx’s of Graves disease =

Answer 13

Hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema

Question 14

Which HLA is Hashimoto assc w/

Answer 14

HLA-DR5

Question 15

Def = undifferentiated malignant tumor of thyroid in elderly pts that invades local structures

Answer 15

Anaplastic carcinoma

Question 16

Def = malignant transformation of parafollicular cells

Answer 16

Medullary carcinoma

Question 17

Cause of Cushing syndrome if ACTH is low =

Answer 17

1˚ adrenal tumor, exogenous glucocorticoids

Question 18

Sx’s = HoTN, weakness, fatigue, N/V, Hyperpigmentation, Hyperkalemia

Answer 18

Addison disease

Question 19

How does 21-OH deficiency affect steroid production

Answer 19

Decreased aldosterone/cortisol w/ increased androgen

Question 20

Pseudohypoparathyroidism =

Answer 20

End-organ resistance to PTH d/t Gs subunit function/expression depression

Question 21

Sx’s = Hyponatremia/Hyperkalemia in infants w/ clitoral enlargement in females

Answer 21

21-OH deficiency

Question 22

Sx’s of Hyperaldosteronism =

Answer 22

HTN, Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, Hypernatremia

Question 23

What labs may be affected d/t Medullary carcinoma

Answer 23

Hypocalcemia d/t high Calcitonin release

Question 24

Hashimoto causes increased risk of…

Answer 24

Marginal zone lymphoma

Question 25

Acromegaly =

Answer 25

GH adenoma in adults --\> enlarged hands/feet/jaw/visceral organs/tongue

Question 26

How is Acromegaly Dx

Answer 26

Elevated GH and IGF-1 w/ lack of GH suppression by oral glucose load

Question 27

Def = malignant proliferation of follicles surrounded by fibrous capsule w/ invasion THROUGH the capsule

Answer 27

Follicular carcinoma

Question 28

How does 11-OH deficiency affect steroid production

Answer 28

Weak aldosterone w/ excess androgen

Question 29

How do the Ca and PO4 labs differ b/w 1˚ and 2˚ Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 29

1˚ = increased Ca, decreased PO4; 2˚ = increased PO4, decreased Ca

Question 30

How does 17-OH deficiency affect steroid production

Answer 30

Weak aldosterone w/ decreased cortisol and androgen

Question 31

Medullary carcinoma assc w/ which mutation

Answer 31

RET

Question 32

Sx's = Clitoral enlargement in females

Answer 32

11-OH deficiency

Question 33

Cause of 2˚ and 3˚ adrenal insufficiency

Answer 33

2˚ = low ACTH; 3˚ = low CRH

Question 34

Cushing syndrome =

Answer 34

Hypercortisolism