Exogenic & Endogenic Processes

Question 1

• occurs in Earth’s surface, driven by external force (ex. solar energy)
  -destructive forces, result in destruction of landforms via weathering and erosion
  -weathering, mass wasting, erosion, deposition

Answer 1

Exogenic Processes

Question 2

-driven by energy and forces originating deep within the Earth
-constructive forces, create relief features on Earth’s surface
-main source of energy is Earth’s internal heat
-produce visible after-effects after sudden damage caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Answer 2

Endogenic Processes

Question 3

It is the on-site breakdown of rocks and its eventual transformation into sediments.

Answer 3

Weathering

Question 4

Physical breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changes in its composition.

Answer 4

Physical Weathering or Mechanical Weathering

Question 5

Natural cracks/joints are formed and it breaks the rocks into rectangular blocks, irregular chunks, or onion-like sheets

Answer 5

Exfoliation, Physical Weathering

Question 6

The rock freezes which causes the joints to expand and grow which causes the rock to detach

Answer 6

Frost Wedging, Physical Weathering

Question 7

Plants growing on a rock’s surface pry it open due to joints expanding

Answer 7

Root wedging, Physical Weathering

Question 8

Salt crystallizes which pushes apart surrounding grains which weakens the rock

Answer 8

Salt Wedging, Physical Weathering

Question 9

Occurs when rock is exposed to high temperature, outer layer expands due to baking

Answer 9

Thermal Expansion, Physical Weathering

Question 10

-Causes (substances in the air and in rain)
-Occurs when there are chemical changes in the rock’s composition. It is a surface or near-surface process.

Answer 10

Chemical Weathering

Question 11

Minerals are dissolved in water

Answer 11

Dissolution, Chemical Weathering

Question 12

Water reacts with minerals which breaks minerals down

Answer 12

Hydrolysis, Chemical Weathering

Question 13

-Reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rocks.
-Forms oxides
-Rusting

Answer 13

Oxidation, Chemical Weathering

Question 14

Water is absorbed which causes expansion within the rock

Answer 14

Hydration, Chemical Weathering

Question 14

Water is absorbed which causes expansion within the rock

Answer 14

Hydration, Chemical Weathering

Question 15

Polluting gases dissolve in rainwater which makes stronger acids. Causes damage

Answer 15

Acidification, Chemical Weathering

Question 16

-Causes (plants and animals)
-Occurs when rocks are weakened by the different biological agents like plants and animals.
-Special type of physical and chemical weathering

Answer 16

Biological Weathering

Question 17

Caused by burrowing animals and human activities

Answer 17

Biological Weathering by Physical Means

Question 18

Plants and animals produce acidic substances that react with rocks

Answer 18

Biological Weathering by Chemical Compounds

Question 19

-generated during Earth Formation
-internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a planet
-source of heat is accretion energy

Answer 19

Primordial Heat

Question 20

Conversion of kinetic energy of smaller planetary objects into heat as they collided on ____.

Answer 20

Accretion Energy

Question 21

-generated by long term radioactive decay or the disintegration of natural radioactive elements
-thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegrations
-mantle convection

Answer 21

Radiogenic Heat

Question 22

Heating in the mantle

Answer 22

Mantle convection

Question 22

Heating in the mantle

Answer 22

Mantle convection

Question 23

-Form when preexisting or parent rocks are altered by heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids.

Answer 23

Metamorphic Rocks

Question 24

Changes in form

Answer 24

Metamorphism

Question 24

Changes in form

Answer 24

Metamorphism

Question 25

Matter changes form but not chemical identity

Answer 25

Physical change

Question 26

A chemical reaction occurs and new products are formed

Answer 26

Chemical Changes

Question 27

-Occurs due to heating, with or without burial of rocks that lie close to a magma intrusion. -results to nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Answer 27

Contact metamorphism

Question 28

-Occurs over broad areas of the crust usually in convergent plate boundaries -affected by heat, temperature, and differential stress -results to foliated metamorphic rocks

Answer 28

Regional Metamorphism

Question 29

-Occurs when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat and pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize and minerals grow. -occurs in sedimentary basins

Answer 29

Burial Metamorphism

Question 30

-High-pressure metamorphism resulting from the crushing and shearing of rocks during tectonic movement, -produces mylonites

Answer 30

Dynamic or Cataclastic Metamorphism

Question 31

-Occurs along the mid-ocean ridge, spreading centers where heated seawater percolates through hot, fractured basalt

Answer 31

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Question 32

-Takes place when the heat and shock waves from meteor or asteroid impact transform rocks immediately around the impact site. -Extreme compression of the shock wave causes mineral chemical structure change

Answer 32

Shock metamorphism

Question 33

-Causes rocks to be pulled apart that result to lengthening and break apart -Stretches the rock which results to elongation and shortening -Can be found at divergent plate boundaries

Answer 33

Tensional Stress

Question 34

-Dominant force is directed towards each other -Squeezes the rocks which results to shortening and elongation -Causes the rocks to fold and fracture -Found at convergent plate boundaries

Answer 34

Compressional Stress

Question 35

-Dominant force is directed towards each other but not on the same axis -Forces slide pass each other in opposite directions -Results to slippage and translation -Found at transform plate boundaries

Answer 35

Shear Stress

Question 36

-Magma intrudes into a low-density area of another geologic formation such as sedimentary rock structure. When it cools to solid rock, it forms pluton.

Answer 36

Intrusion

Question 37

Sheared, highly deformed rocks formed by dynamic or cataclastic metamorphism

Answer 37

Mylonites

Question 37

Sheared, highly deformed rocks formed by dynamic or cataclastic metamorphism

Answer 37

Mylonites

Question 38

Intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface

Answer 38

Pluton

Question 39

-Magma escapes or extrudes through lava

Answer 39

Extrusion

Question 40

These can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material.

Answer 40

Lava eruptions

Question 41

Formed when magma solidifies

Answer 41

Tephra or volcanic ash

Question 42

-Decompression -Flux Melting -Heat transfer melting -Partial melting

Answer 42

Magma formation

Question 43

-Tensional Stress -Compressional Stress -Shear Stress

Answer 43

Behaviors of rocks under stress

Question 44

-Contact Metamorphism -Regional Metamorphism -Burial Metamorphism -Dynamic/Cataclastic Metamorphism -Hydrothermal Metamorphism -Shock Metamorphism

Answer 44

Types of Metamorphism

Question 45

-Primordial Heat -Radiogenic Heat

Answer 45

Sources of Internal Heat

Question 46

-Oxidation -Dissolution -Hydrolysis -Hydration -Acidification

Answer 46

Chemical Weathering

Question 47

-Exfoliation -Frost Wedging -Root Wedging -Salt Wedging -Thermal Expansion

Answer 47

Physical/Mechanical Weathering

Question 48

-Endogenic Processes -Exogenic Processes

Answer 48

Earth's processes

Question 49

-Involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly solid mantle. -Hot material rises to a low pressure area -Overlying pressure/decompression allows mantle rock to melt and form magma. -Often occurs at divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates separate.

Answer 49

Decompression Melting, Magma Formation

Question 50

-Hot, liquid rock, intrudes into Earth's cold crust. -The liquid rock solidifies and loses its heat -Hot rock from below intrudes into the cooler plate above -This process transfers heat and forms magma -Happens at convergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together

Answer 50

Heat Transfer Melting, Magma Formation

Question 51

-Water or carbon dioxide enters a rock (chemical weathering) -The compounds cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures which forms magma -Occurs around subduction zones

Answer 51

Flux Melting, Magma Formation

Question 52

Rocks - High Temperature - Partial Melting - Magma Formation -It does not melt uniformly. -Minerals with lower melting points turn into liquid magma while the higher melting points remain as a solid crystal.

Answer 52

Partial Melting, Magma Formation