Exotics Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Describe the main characteristics of the order Crocodilia.
A
- Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials, 23 species
- Amphibious, reproduce on land
- Diet = carnivorous
- 4-legged, semi-aquatic
- Large - 1-9 meters, several 100kgs
- Oviparous - dig nest sites
- Osteoderm (osteoscutes) - plates of bone in dermis under scales
2
Q
Describe the main characteristics of the order squamata.
A
- Snakes and lizards, 3000+ species
- Freshwater and marine aquatic, terrestiral, subterranean, arboreal
- Diet - herbivorus, insectivorous, carnivorous
- 4-legged to legless, body covered with scales
- Variable eyelids and external ears, **edysis **(shedding)
- Oviparous or ovoviviparous
- Some species are venomous
3
Q
Describe the main characteristics of the order testudines.
A
- Tortoises and terrapins, 244+ species
- Terrestrial, amphibious, marine
- Diet - herbivores, omnivores
- Protective shell (carapace, plastron)
- Horny beak, limb variation for habitat (i.e. webbed or not)
- Oviparous on land
- Long-lived 50-100 years
4
Q
Describe the main characteristics of the order sphenodontia.
A
- Tuataras, over 200+ million years old
- 2 species - sphenodon punctatus and S. guntheri
- Endemic to 20 islands off new zealand
- Diet - insectivorous, small birds
- Lizard-like reptial, parietal eye on head
- Oviparous, nocturnal
- Prefers low environmentla temperature (55-70F)
- CITES protected species
5
Q
Describe the housing requirements for reptiles.
A
- Appropriate for species
- Aquarium, terrarium, vivarium
- Thrermal gradient
- Temp and humidity variable
- Natural or UV light
- Hiding place
- House singly, aggression
- Escape-proof (especially arboreal spp)
6
Q
Describe the important of lighting for replites.
A
- Repltiles require full spectrum UV light for vitamin D synthesis and calcium metabolism (»herbirous or omnivorus species)
- Natural sunlight > artificial
- UV doesnt penetrate glass or plastic!
- 18-22 inches from reptile
- 12-18 hours of exposure (1-4 hours natural light)
7
Q
Describe nutritional requirements for reptiles.
A
- Appropriate for species
- Adult vs juvenile may differ slightly
- Avoid feeding live prey (inhumane, injury)
- Artificial diets - depends on species
Generally:
* 1x/ 2 weeks for large snakes
* 1-2x/week for msot snakes, lizards, and crocodilia
* 2-3x / week for iguanas, aquatic turtles
* 5-7x/week for lizards, turtles, tortoises, and all juveniles
8
Q
What are the major infectious diseases of reptiles (7)?
A
- Paramyxovirus
- Inclusion Body Disease (IBD, virus)
- Ulcerative Stomatitis (bacteria)
- Pneumonia (bacteria)
- Salmonella
- Mycobacteriosis
- External and internal parasites
9
Q
Describe paramyxovirus in reptiles.
A
- Acute respiratory disease in snakes, epizootics
- Often complicated by secondary bacterial infections
- Dx = postmortem
- Quaratine 9- days, check PMV titers
- Hemorrhage of lungs in snake
10
Q
Describe Inclusion Body Disease in reptiles.
A
- Retrovirus-like RNA virus
- Pathogen of boid snakes (constrictors, boas > pythons)
- Causes encephalities and flaccid paralysis
- Dx = eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
- Tx = none, euthanasia recommended
11
Q
Describe ulcerative stomatiits in reptiles.
A
- Mouth rot, infectious stomatitis
- Secondary to poor husbandry/management
- Associated w aeromonas/pseudomonas
- Reluctance to eat, inflammation, ulcers, abscesses
- Tx = debride, topical and systemic antibiotics, husbandry
12
Q
Describe pneumonia in reptiles.
A
- Severe resp disease in snakes and turtles
- Aeromonas, pseudomonas, klebsiella, proteus
- Secondary to paramyxovirus infection
- Resp distress, audible breathing sounds, nasal bubbling, open-mouth breathing, listing to one side in water (turtles)
- Dx = tracheal swab, tracheal wash, rads
- Tx = systemic antibx, improve husbandry, supportive care, isolation
13
Q
Describe salmonella in reptiles.
A
- Normal intestinal flora
- Usually sublinical infection that manifests when stressed
- Acute enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, death
- Zoonotic! (esp turtles) –> why FDA banned <4inch
14
Q
Describe mycobacteriosis in reptiles.
A
- Non-tubercular - M. marinum, cheloni, ulcerans
- Ubiquitos in environment and water
- Nodular lesions on extremities and internal organs
- Zoonotic potential
15
Q
Describe parasites in reptiles.
A
- More common in wild species, can occur in captive reptiles with poor husbandry
- Enteritis, anemia, skin lesions
- Mites - ophionyssus sp (scale mites)
- Ticks - amblyomma, ornithodorus
16
Q
What are non-infectious diseases in reptiles (6)?
A
- Metabolic Bone Disease
- Hypovitaminosis A
- Dysecdysis
- Follicular Stasis/Dystocia
- Gout
- Trauma
17
Q
Describe metabolic bone disease in reptiles.
A
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism and nutritional osteodystrophy
- Imbalance of Ca+P ration (1.2:1 rec)
- Due to improper diet or inadequate UV light
- > herbivores and omnivores
- Lethargy, anorexia, lameness, swollen joints, scoliosis, kyphosis, shell deformations (longer time)
- Dx = clinical signs, rads (bone lysis), diet analysis
- Tx = correct diet, provide UV light, parenteral Ca –> might not fix deformations
18
Q
Describe Hypovitaminosis A in reptiles.
A
- Most common in pet aquatic turtles, also box turtles w otitis media
- Conjunctivitis, palpebral edema, otitis, blepharitis, overgrowth of horney mouth parts, respiratory disease
- Squamous metaplasia of epithelial cells
- Dx = clincial signs
- Tx = parrenteral Vit A, correct diet, tx 2 infections
19
Q
Describe dysecdysis in reptiles.
A
- Incomplete or retained shed skin/spectacles
- Can result in unintentional aggression and strinking
- Usually secondary to low humidity, poor nutrition, etc.
- Tx = misting/soaking, physical removal
20
Q
Describe follicular stasis/dystocia in reptiles.
A
- Egg bound or retained eggs
- Causes vary - improper diet or temperature, cracked eggs, repro infection, systemic infection
- Anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distension, restlessness
- Dx = history, palpation, rads, US
- TX = supportive care, oxytocin, ocariectomy
21
Q
Describe gout in reptiles.
A
- Caused by excess protein, various drugs, and water deprivation
- Uric acid accumulation in various tissues
- Visceral gout = tubular damange in kidney
- Articular gout = swollen joints, painful
- Dx = history, palpation, rads
- Tx = reduce protein, increase water availability
22
Q
Describe causes of trauma in reptiles.
A
Thermal injuries, bite wound with secondary bacterial infection
23
Q
What are the important zoonotic diseases of reptiles (4)?
A
- Aeromonas spp
- Pseudomonas spp
- Salmonella spp
- Mycobacterium spp
24
Q
Describe the characteristics of the class Amphibia.
A
- Carnivorous as adults, herbivorous when young
- Two-stage life cycle
- Respire through skin, have lungs
- 3 chambered heart
- Large nucleated RBCs
- External fertilizaiton, lay eggs
- Some sexually dimorphic
- Difficult to determine gender in most species without breeding condition
25
Describe the characteristics of the order anura.
* Frogs and toads
* Tailless adults, well-developed hind limbs
* Aquatic and terrestial forma
* Frogs = aquatic, moist skin
* Toads = terrestrial, dry skin
* Egg --> tadpole --> adult
* External fertilization, larval metamorphosis
26
Describe the characteristics of the order caudata.
* Salamanders and sirens
* Moist-skinned, long-tailed, slender
* Salamanders = semi-aquatic
* Newts = aquatic group of salamanders
* Sirens = lack legs
* Internal fertilization, eggs deposited singly in clumps or in strings, usually in water
* Egg --> juvenile --> adult
* Some undergo incomplete metamorphosis and remain aquatic for life
27
Describe the characteristics of the order gymnophiona
* Caecilians
* Elongate, limbless, very small eyes
* Burrowing terrestrial
* Internal fertilization, oviparous
* Eggs --> aquatic or terrestial young --> terrestrial adult
28
Describe the housing requirments of amphibians.
* Appropriate for species
* Aquarium, terrarium, vivarium
* Variable temp (50-75+)
* Variable humidity
* Day/night - metabolism
* Escape proof
29
Describe nutritional requirements of amphibians.
* Adults and larval diet may differ
* Most adults = insectivorous, high protein diet needed
* Larval forms = herbicorous
* **Both must be habituated to nonliving food items and commercial diets**
* Susceptible to metabolic bone disease, gout, lipid keratopathy, and anemia
30
What are the major diseases of amphibians (9)?
1. Water quality problems
1. Bacterial dermatosepticemia
1. Mycobacteriosis
1. Chromomycosis
1. Saprolegniasis
1. Chytridiomycosis
1. Capillariasis
1. Lucke's tumor
1. Iridoviruses
31
Describe water quality problems in amphibians.
* Primary stressor for all aquatic animals
* Ammonia-nitrite-nitrate toxicities
* Temp, DO, pH
* Buildup of organic waste material
* Chlorine, chloramines, heavy metals
* Skin and gill irritation, **epithelial hyperplasia**, lethargy, reduced growth
* Control via filtration and sanitation
32
What is red-leg syndrome/disease in amphibians?
Bacterial dematosepticemia
33
Describe bacterial dermatosepticemia in amphibians.
| Include species
* Red leg syndrome or disease
* Frogs, salamanders, aquatic larval stages
* Aeromonas hydrophilia, others
* Opportunisit pathogen of skin
* Secondary to stress, trauma, poor water quality
* Control via sanitation, environmental quality, and optimal nutrition
34
Describe mycobacteriosis in amphibians.
* Mycobacterium forituitum, marinum. xenopi - non-tubercular species
* Common in water sources and biofils
* Chronic wasting disease, skin ulcerations, decreased fecundity
* Control va enviornmental sanitation
* **Euthanasia recommended due to zoonotic potential**, therapeutics not recommended.
35
Describe Saprolegniasis in amphibians.
* Fungal disease (saprolegnia, aphanomyces)
* White cottony growth on skin
* Spread via motile zoospores in water
* Opportunistic pathogens of skin or eggs
* Secondary to stress, truama, and poor water quality
* Control via sanitaiton, environmental quality, and optimal nutriton
36
Describe chromomycosis in amphibians.
* Fungal disease ( cladosproium, foncacaea)
* **Disseminated pigmented granulomas** in skin and internal organs
* Soil saprophytes
* Therapeutics unrewarding
* Zoonotic potential
37
Chytridiomycosis is caused by ________, which is a primary pathogen found in ____. It affects ______. It's importance in amphibians is __________. This disease is/isnot zoonotice. It often presents as ___________ and up to _____% mortality. Clinical signs are ___________.
Chytridiomycosis is caused by **Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis**, which is a primary pathogen found in **soil and water**. It affects **all anurans - metamorphs and adults but tadpoles seem to be asymptomatic carriers**. It's importance in amphibians is **it is thought to be the cause of worldwide decline of many amphibian species**. This disease is **not zoonotic**. It often presents as s**udden death with no obvious external signs** and up to **100%** mortality. Clinical signs are **nonspecific - lethargy, excessive skin shedding, ventral erythema, petechiation, deformities of keratin in the mouth of tadpoles, and cutaneous lesions on toes**.
38
Describe the pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis.
* Flagellated dhytrid zoospore = infective stage
* Lives on keratin within epidermis
* **Tadpoles lack keritinized skin, so generally do not show clinical signs**
* Adult = hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, ulceration, edema, congestion of epidermis
* **Death likely due to loss of cutaneous integrity with impairment of osmotic regulation and oxygen exchange**
* Secondary bacterial infection common
* **Non-hyphal fungal pathogen invades tissues and degrades cellulose, chitin, and keratin**.
39
Chytridiomycosis diagnosis in amphibians
* Skin scrapings or tissue samples (wet mount)
* Biopsies of toes or skin lesions for histology
* Commercially available PCR for chytrid DNA (most sensitive)
40
Chytridimycosis treatment
* Soak for 5 mins daily for 11 days in itraconazole or miconazole bath
* Thorough disinfection (1:9 bleach and water) of tankes with multiple rinses to get rid of toxic residues
* Tx recommended only for valuble specimens
41
Describe capillariasis in amphibians.
* Chronic, cutaneous infection of frogs, esp xenopus
* Migration of nematoide with secondary infections (myco)
* Irritation, increased mucus, skin sloughing
* Tx = ivermectin
42
Describe Lucke's tumor in amphibians.
* Ranid herpesvirus 1 - Northern Leopard frog
* Causes renal adenocarcinoma
* Seasonal change with tumor being more prevalant in the sprig when frog emerges from hibernation
* Rare in summer months
* Virus shed in urine
* Frog eggs and young highly susceptible
43
Describe iridoviruses in amphibians.
* Emerging disease of amphibians
* Cause of mass mortalities in both wild and captive amphibian populations
* CS = lethargy, anorexia, abnormal posture, abnormal swimming behavir
* Erythema and hemorrhage of mouth and legs, skin lesions, body swelling, death
44
What are the important zoonotic diseases of amphibians (3)?
1. Aeromonas spp
1. Mycobacterium spp
1. Chromomycotic spp
45
List the pocket pet species in order for shortest to longest lifespan.
| Gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats
1. Mouse (1.5-3 years)
1. Hamsters (2-3 years)
1. Rats (2-3 years)
1. Gerbils (3-4 years)
1. Guinea pigs (5-7 years)
1. Ferrets (5-8 years)
1. Rabbits (6-15 years)
46
What species are included in the suborder myomorpha of the order rodentia?
Rattus rattus (rat), mus musculus (mouse), Mesocricetus auratus (hamster), meriones unguiculatus (gerbils)
47
Describe the major characteristics of mice and rats (myomorpha).
* Short hair, long naked tails
* Rounded erect ears
* Protruding eyes
* Pointed snow, long vibrissae
* 5 toes
* Variety of coat colors
* Mostly nocturnal animals
* Harderian gland
48
What is the Harderina gland?
* Gland located in orbit around both eyes
* Produces prophyrin = iron containing reddish pigment
* Stress causes hypersecretion (red tears)
49
How do you sex rats and mice?
* Anogenital distance
* Shorter in females compared to males
* Works in neonates
50
Describe the mammary glands of rats and mice.
Rats = 6 pairs of nipples, **mammary tissue widely distributed**!
Mice = 5 pairs of nipples, **mammary tissue widely distributed**!
51
Describe rat and mouse nutrition
* Pelleted feed ad libitum
* Treats can result in obesity
52
Describe proper handling of rats and mcie.
* Grasp BASE of tail
* Scruffing of teh skin of neck with tail hold (mouse)
* Thoracic grasp over the shoulders (rat)
53
What are the important diseases of mice and rats (7)?
1. Sendai virus (mice)
1. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (mice)
1. Pneumonia virus of mice
1. Tyzzer's disease
1. Mammary tumors
1. Malocclusions and other dental problems
1. Sialodacryoadenitits virus (SDAV) (rats)
54
Describe Sendai virus in rats/mice.
* Highly infectious (infects hamsters, guinea pigs, and rats too).
* Murine parainfluenza virus type 1
* Respiratory problems, pneumonia and stunting, high mortality in juvenile mice
* >> lab mice since closer contact
55
Describe lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) in rats/mice.
* LCM virus
* Mice > hamsters
* Virus spread via urine, droppings, saliva, contaminated nesting material
* Lethargy, anorexia, rough coat, weight loss, meningitis, encephalitits and death
* Zoonotic!
56
Describe Tyzzer's disease in rats/mice.
* Intestinal disease of rats and especially,mice
* Clostridium piliforme also C. perfringens, difficile, spireforme)
* Anorexia, weight loss, **perineal staining**, watery diarrhea, dehydration and rapid death
* **Multiple abscesses within the liver**
* Fecal-oral
* Potentially zoonotic
57
Describe Sialodacryoadenitits virus (SDAV) in in rats/mice
* Highly contagious coronarius of rats
* Dry eyes, no saliva, weight loss
* Resolution in 10d cannot be reinfected
* Post-infection sequelae include corneal ulcers and glaucoma
58
Describe mammary tumors in rats/mice.
* Occurs in both
* Inbred stains have higher incidence (white mice)
* **Fibroadenoma** most common
* Tx = surgical removal, **tend to reoccur**
59
Describe dental problems in rats/mice.
* More noticable in rats but occurs in both
* Primarily incisor teeth
* Soft diets, Ca deficiency, fractures of jaw and other trauma
* Causes anorexia and weight loss
* Tx = clip and trim abnormal incisor
60
Describe the general characteristics of hamsters.
* Short-haired, short tail
* Cheek pouches
* **Large cecum, cecal fermenters (sensitive to antibiotics!), coprophagic**
* Burrowers in wild
* **Crepuscular (not nocturnal)**
* **Deep sleepers!!! --> aggressive if disturbed**
* **Flank scent sebaceous glands (active in males, not in females)**
61
Hamster cheek pouches
Can be everted, immunopriviledged site
62
Hamster nutrition
* Veggies, seeds, fruits, meat
* Multiple meals per day
* Coprophagy = source of vitmain B and K
63
Hamster housing
* Absorbable contact bedding
* 72F
* Water sippers
64
How do you sex hamsters?
* Anogenital distance, greater in males
* Hard if you dont have 2 to compare
65
What are the major diseases of hamsters (9)?
1. Proliferative ileitis (wet tail)
1. Pneumonia
1. Neoplasia
1. Amyloidosis
1. Polycistic disease of the liver
1. DCM (genetic)
1. Tyzzler's disease
1. Lymophocytic choriomeningitis
1. Internal + external parasites
66
What causes "Wet-tail" disease in hamsters?
Proliferative ileitis - C. difficile
67
Describe proliferative ileitis in hamsters.
* C. difficile, enteritis, wet tail
* Lethargy, anorexia, ruffled coat, **typhlitis (inflammation of cecum)**, diarrhea, dehydration, death
* **Often post-antibiotics therapy**, stress, poor diet, recently weaned (3-6 weeks)
* Hyperplasia of ileal epithelium
* Fecal-oral
* Potentially zoonotic
68
Describe pneumonia in hamsters.
* Pasteurella pneumotropica, Streptococcus pneumoniae
* Lethargy, anorexia, respiratory distress, nasal and ocular discharge
* Eliminat stress and reduce densities
* Tx = antibiotic therapy as long as it doesnt cause ileitis
* Potentially zoonotic
69
Describe Tyzzer's disease in hamsters.
* C. piliforme
* Stress-induced
* Similar to wet-tail but systemic - anorexia, weight loss, scruffy hunched appearance, **profuse bloody diarrhea** and dehydration, **acute mortality**
* Potentially zoonotic
70
Describe LCM in hamsters.
* Rodent-borne viral disease
* Mice > hamsters
* Potentially zoonotic
* May or may not show lcinical signs
* Lethrgy, anorexia, rough coat, weight loss, death
71
Describe the positive about gerbils in terms of owning them.
Very small output of urine!
72
Describe the general characteristics of gerbils.
* Hair on back and sides darker than underbelly
* Long furred tail, turft of hair at tip
* **Continously growing prominent inciors**
* **Small cheek pouches, not extrudable**
* **Herderian gland**
* **Mid-ventral abdominal sebaeous gland, active in both male and female**
* Active burrowers
* **Active both day and night**
* **Do not hibernate or estivate**
* Generally docile but can bite
* Foot stomping is sign of agression or excitement
* Gregarious = like to have friends
73
How do you sex gerbils?
Anogenital distance, greater in males
74
Gerbil nutrition
* Granivorous + omnivorus (both!)
* Avoid total seed diets --> low Ca
* Food and water ad libitum
75
Gerbil housing
* Wood chips, corn cob bedding preferred
* Satisfy burrowing instrinct
* 72F option
* Sipper tubes
76
What are the important diseases in gerbils (7)?
1. Nasla dermatitis
1. Tyzzer's disease
1. Salmonellosis
1. Hepatic lipidosis and gallstones
1. Neoplasia
1. Spontaneous siezures
1. Trauma
## Footnote
No viral diseases yet identified
77
Describe nasal dermaitits in gerbils.
* Stress induced, irritaiton from porphyrin secretion on nose and face
* Secondary bacterial infection w Staph aureus
* Moist dermatiits on face and inside of forepaws
* Tx = remove stressors, clean face daily, topical therapy (triple antibiotic ophthlamic ointment BID)
78
Describe tyzzer's disease in gerbils.
* C. piliforme
* Sub-clinically carrier in intestinal tract
* Poor coat condiiton, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, sudden death
* High mortality esp in pospartum and young recently weaned animals
* Fecal-oral
* Supportive care
* Zoonotic potential
79
Describe salmonellosis in gerbils.
* Most common in juveniles (3-6 wks)
* Weight loss, rough haircoat, listlessness, dehydration, death
* Often systemic - hepatiits, periotnitis
* Antibiotic therapy generally unrewarding
* Potentially zoonotic
80
Trauma in gerbils
Tail degloving, tx = amputation
81
What species are included in the suborder hystricomorpha, within the order rodentia?
Guinea pig = cavia procellus
82
What are the major differences between hystrichomorphs (guinea pigs, chincillas, nutria) and myomorphs (hamsters, gerbils, rats, mice)?
Histrichomorphs = longer gestation period, precocial young, cellular membrane that closes over the vaginal opening except during estrus and at parturition.
83
What are the general characteristics of guinea pigs?
* Prominent incisor teeth and premolar teeth
* Stocky bodies, NO TAIL
* Mouth doesnt open very wide (need sedation)
* 4 digits front, 3 digits back
* Large cecum with taeniae- 65% of total GI volume
84
How do you restrain a guinea pig?
* DO NOT hold by scruff of neck
* Support chest and rear quarters
85
Describe guinea pig urine
* Normally thick and cloudy
* pH 9 = caustic
86
Guinea pig behavior
* Vocal, social groups around male
* Freeze inr esponse to sounds, runs in resposne to motion
* Sus of strange or ne objects
* **Rigid habits!**
* **Food preference established early in life**
* May stampede/trample yong if frightened
87
Guinea pig nutrition
* Strictly herbivores
* Feed and water ad libitum
* Play with waterers
* **Daily dietary vitamin C requirement**
88
Guinea pig housing
* **Wire bottoms cause pododermatitis and leg and toe injuries** - need solid bottom/floors
* Newspaper, shredded paper, non-pine wood shavings, corn cobs, straw
* DO NOT use cedar or sawdust
* 72F
89
How do you sex a guinea pig?
* Male = straight line, digital pressure can extrude the penis
* Females = Y shaped opening
90
Guinea pig reproduction
* Vaginal closure membrane in place until first estrus
* Opens just prior to estures, then closes
* Closed during pregnancy and opens prior to parturition
91
Describe when and why a guinea pig needs to be bred for the first time.
* Pubic symphysis relazes and separates prior to parturition ot increased diameter of birth canal
* Must be bred and deliver her first litter prior to 6-8 months of age...failure to do so will result in permanent fusion of pubic symphysis and future dystocia
92
What are the important diseases in guinea pigs (7)?
1. Respiratory disease
1. Scurvy
1. Antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia
1. Salmonellosis
1. Cervical lymphadenitis
1. Pododermatitis
1. Dermatits
93
Respiratory disease in guinea pigs
* Bordetella bronchiseptica and step pneumoniae
* Young + stressed
* Direct contact, aerosol, fomites
* Anorexia, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, dyspnea +/- neuro signs, aboriton (Strep)
94
Scurvy in guniea pigs
* Vit C deficiency
* Clinical signs withi 2 weeks in young animals
* Causes impared collagen synthesis
* Resp disease, malocclusion, diarrhea, pododermatitis, lameness, enlarge long bone junctions, joint stiffness
* Adults need 10 mg/kg/day for growth and maintenance
* Pregnant animals requries 30mg/kg/day
* Most diets provide 200mg/kg but breaks down over time
94
Antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia in guinea pigs
* Clostriidum difficile = proliferates when normal GI flora disrupted
* Cercum and prox colon
* Anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, hypothermia, sudden death
* Re-establish normal GI flora via lactobacillus or transfaunation
* Supportive care
95
Salmonellosis in guinea pigs
* S. typhimurum and enteritidis
* Fecal-oral, conjunctival
* Nonspecific CS, conjunctivitis, abortion, +/- diarrhea
* Asymptomatic carriers
* Zoonotic potential
96
Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs
* Strep zooepidemicus
* Normal flora of conjucnt. and nasal cavity
* Mucosal injury --> secondry bacterial invasion
* SQ cervical masses which yeilds yellow-white exudate, no other signs
* Tx = lance and flush, surgical exicison
* Zoonotic potential
97
Pododermatits in guinea pigs
* Ascending infection
* Wire bottom cages, poor husbandry, dirty walking surfaces, trauma, etc.
98
Domestic rabbit order and species
Lagomorph, leporidae, oryctolagus cuniculus
99
General characteristics of rabbits
* Lightweight skeleton (8%)
* Very strong hind limb musculature
* Highly adapted digestive system - large volume
* Hindgut fermenters
* Females more territorial than males
* Induced ovulators
* Thump when stressed
100
Rabbit restraint
Scooping, cradling, bunny burritos
101
Rabbit housing
Individual, drop through cages for feces, preference for resting and defecating areas
102
Rabbit nutrition
* High fiber diet >18%
* Coprophagic
* Day feces are high fiber and dry
* Night feces )cecotrphs) are high protein, low fiber, and soft
103
Important diseases in rabbits (6)
* Snuffles
* Slobbers
* GI stasis
* Cuterebra
* Dermatophytosis
* Cheyletiella parasitovorax
104
Snuffles in rabit
* Pasteurella multocida
* Potentially zoonotic
* Tear ducts and nasal sinuses
* Stress, resp irritaiton, concurrent bordetall = predisposing factors
* CS depedn on site - resp tract = snuffling, white mucoid nasla discharge, dysnpean, crusty inside areas of forelegs, inner ear = torticollis, head tilt
* Young = die of speticemia
* Adults = carrier
105
Slobbers in rabbits
* Malocclusion = clinical signs
* difficult eating, prlbems grooming, dropping food, acting hungry but losing weight, lateral tongue ulcers and trauma to inside cheekr, tooth absceses
* Incisors or molars
106
Prevention of slobbers in rabbits
* Timothy hay to encourage use of molars
* Trim or grind
* Lifelong problem once malocculusion occurs
107
GI stasis in rabbis
## Footnote
!!!!
Stres, low fier diets, inadequate water consumption
CS = anorexia, decreased pellet production, thick doughy gastric contents on palpation, impaciton
Tx = rehydrate, offer greens ... correct causes
108
Cuterebriasis in rabbits
* Back, rump, shoulders, throat
* Breaking could cause anaphylaxis
* Remove - extract whole if possible
* Limit access to unscreen outside
109
Dermatophytosis in rabbits
* Ringworm
* Potentially zoonotic
110
Cheyletiella parasitovorx in rabbits
* Non-burrowing skin mite
* moderate hair loss, scaly skin
* rabits va contact
* Potentially zoonotic
* Transient dermatits in humans
111
Anatomy/physiology of ferret
* Nails not retractable
* Clavicles plantigrade poture
* Anal glands = musk smell
* void in unfamiliar surroundings
112
Ferret nutrition
* Strict carnivores
* No cecum
* Requrie high calroie, high protein, low fiber diet
* Dog food has too many CHOs
* Cat food growth formulation okay
113
Ferret housing
* No pine or cedar bedding
* Limit bathin once every 3-4 weeks
* Ssuceptible to overheating
114
What are the important diseases of ferrets?
1. Neoplasia
1. Foregin bodies
1. Hyperestrogenic anemia
1. Distemper
115
Tumors in ferrets from most to least common
1. Pancreatic islet cell
1. Adrenocortical cell
1. Lymphoma
1. Mast cell
116
Pancreatic endocrine tumor in ferrets
* Insulinoma of islet cell and B cell
* Hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia clinical signs
* 4-5 yo
117
Adrenocortical tumor in ferrets
* Hyperadrenocorticism (Not cushings since adrenal in origin, not pituitry)
* Middle-aged
* Progressive alopecia, vulvar swelling, return of male sexual behavior, pruritis, stranguria, muscle wasting
118
Lymphoma in ferrets
* Clustering of incidence by cohabitation and relatedness
* **Retroviral involvement suspected**
* Young acute vs old chronic clinical manifestations
119
Distemper in ferrets
* signs 7-10 days post exposure
* Rapid death n 12-25 days
* Tx unwarrented, usually unsuccesssful
* Vaccinate
* Hyperekeratotic foot pads, nasoocular discharge
120
Zoonotic diseases of ferrets
well documented = influenza
121
What are the important zoonotic diseaes in pocket pets (8)?
1. Cheyletiella parasitovorax (rabbits)
1. Dermatophytosis (rabbits)
1. Snuffles (rabbits)
1. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis LCM (mice, hamsters)
1. Tyzzer's disease (mice, hamster, gerbils)
1. Salmonellosis (gerbils)
1. Proliferative Ileitis (hamsters)
1. Pneumonia (hamsters)
