Pelzer

Question 1

What species has a high carrier rate of salmonella? Can you eradicate the carrier state with antibiotic treatment?

Answer 1

• 85% pet store reptiles (produced in crowded condiitons)
• Cannot eliminate –> not considered judicious use

Question 2

How is salmonella acquired by humans?

Answer 2

Fecal-oral, vaccum cleaners = inhalation

Question 3

What pets are suitable for immunocompromised HIV infected individuals?

Answer 3

Older animals over 2yo
Cats older than 2yo

kittens and puppies have 10% carriage rate of salmonella

Question 4

What role do pet stores play in zoonotic spread of salmonella?

Answer 4

Keep records and warn people, wash hands, outbreaks associated w hedgehogs and aquarium frogs

Question 5

What incidents related to the plague have happened in the US

Answer 5

• California costal parks closed due to ground squirrels with plague
• Prairie dogs and black-footed ferret population rapid decline

Question 6

What is the organism responsible for the plague?

Answer 6

Yersinia pestis

Question 7

General info about the plague

Answer 7

• Western states
• 4 corners (UT, CO, NM, AZ), california
• Transmitted by rodent fleas –> regurgitation while feeding
• Transmitted by cats
• Squirrels, prairie dogs affected

Question 8

Clinical signs of the plague if transmitted by cats?

Answer 8

• Draining abscesses/lymph nodes
• Pneumonia

Question 9

Sources of infection of tularemia?

Answer 9

• Infected tick and deer flies
• Rabbits
• Ingesiton of contaminated food or water
• Cat bites and scratches after they caught infected animals

Question 10

Clinical signs in humans of tularemia

Answer 10

• Depends on ROE
• Necrotic ulceration, lymphadenopathy (septic)
• Pneumonic
• Oculoglandular
• GI

Question 11

Signs of tularemia in rabbits

Answer 11

Splenic and hepatic abscesses

Question 12

Signs of tularemia in cats?

Answer 12

Lethargy, lymphadenopathy, oral ulcers

Question 13

Control measures of tularemia?

Answer 13

• Gloves
• Insect control
• Keep cats inside
• Proper cooking, clean water

Question 14

Where is lyme disease in US?

Answer 14

• Wooded areas
• Norrtheast, upper midwest
• Wisconsin, Minnesota, Northern california, mid atlantic states
• 1/4 deer ticks in VA infected

Question 15

What else is ixodes responsible for besides lyme disease?

Answer 15

Alpha-gal sugar –> red meat allergy

Question 16

Resevoir hosts of borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 16

Rodents –> mice, white-footed mouse, chipmunks, rabbits

Question 17

RMSF: agent, transmission, resevoir, symtpoms

Answer 17

• Rickettsia rickettsia
• Ticks, transovarina transmission
• Small rodents are resevoirs besides ticks
• Fever, chills, headache, muscle pains, macular eruptions (measales) end of first week cN, end of 2nd week pneuonia, 5% fatality

Question 18

Hantavirus: virus, where first appear, around here?

Answer 18

• Sin Nombre Virus
• Southwest 1993 , 4 corners
• Yes

Question 19

Hantavirus, how?

Answer 19

Mice, virus shed in feces, urine and saliver
Breathing in rodent excrement in contaminated enivronments

Question 20

Hantavirus precautions and control

Answer 20

• Add moisture to prevent inhalation
• Eliminate rodents

Question 21

California/La Crosse Encephalitis: agent, where, who, resevoirs

Answer 21

Agent = bunyavirus
Where = wooded areas of NC, VA, WV, upper midwest, lot of oak trees, children adolescents
From who = mosquitoes, transovarian transmission
Resevoirs = chipmunks and squirrels (like oak trees)

Question 22

LCM: from who, what does it look like, how is it transmitted?

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Answer 22

• mice (pets)
• PI in mice, no sign of ilness
• Exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents
• Introduciton of above into broken skin, nose, eyes, or mouth

Question 23

LCM clinical signs

Answer 23

Flu like symptoms for a week, may develop meningitis or encephalitis
Pregnant women -flu, abortion, stillbirth, fetus blindness or mental impairment or hydrocephaly

Question 24

LCM control

Answer 24

Gloves, reduce rodent populations

Question 25

Herpes B/ Monkey B virus: virus, clincial signs in monkeys, transmission?

Answer 25

* Macacine herpesvirus * Macaque monkeys inapparent but have herpes like lesions * Transmitted via bites, scratches, needl sticks, exposure to nervous tissue of infected animal

Question 26

Herpes B: human sings, control

Answer 26

* From non-human primats rare but: vesicular lesions at site of entry, flu, then neurologic...ascending paralysis, 15% survival with no neuro signs, 90% die and 10% will have neurologic deficits * Wear protective clothing, wuarantine monkeys for 6-8 weeks (Stres), hous ein small groups, remove those with lesions from colony

Question 27

Monkeypox: agent, outbreak how, why PH concenr, clinical signs

Answer 27

* Monkeypox virus (orthopoxvirus) * Gambiangiant rates to prairie dogs, people ended up infected from prairie dogs * Concerned as it resembles smallpox, Africa case fatality 1-10%, other animals suspected to be suscpetible * Cough, fever, blepharoconuncitiviit, lymphadenopathy, nodular rash

Question 28

Milk trip from teat to cup

Answer 28

Teat end --> inflation --> bowl --> long milk tude --> milk line --> reciever jar --> milk sock --> bulk tank --> milk hose --> milk truck --> milk silo --> processing equiptment --> product truck --> store --> home --> refrigerator --> cup

Question 29

What is the purpose of the milk sock?

Answer 29

Filters the milk before the bulk tank

Question 30

What are the standards of grade A milk?

Answer 30

* No objectionable odors * Bacterial count < 100,000 cells/mL * No drug residues * SCC < 750,000 cells/mL, most are < 400,000 cells/mL * Bulk tank temperature of 40F or less w/in 2 hours of milking and remaining at or below this temp during storage (E. coli replicate every 20 mins at warm temperatures

Question 31

What are the tests used to quantify bacteria in milk?

Answer 31

Standard plate count Prelimnary Incubation Count (PI count)

Question 32

Standard plate count

Answer 32

* Performed monthly * Incubated at 37C for 18 hours then counted to see how many colonies * 100,000/mL legal max

Question 33

Preliminary incubation count

Answer 33

* Shelf life estimator (more bacteria = lower shelf life) * Relates to sanitary condiitons on farm * Incubated for 18 hrs at 55F * 100,000 cells/mL max, goal is 20,000 or less

Question 34

What are zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted via milk (7)?

Answer 34

1. Brucella 1. Campylobacteria 1. Coxiella, Q-fever 1. E. coli 0157:H7 1. Listeria 1. Salmonella 1. Tuberculosis

Question 35

Describe pasteurization.

Answer 35

* Frees milk of pathogens * Set to kill Coziella burnetti * Alkaline phosphate test --> pasteurization should inactivate enzyme * Increase in temperature = breakdown of proteins = changes the way milk tastes Options: * 145 F for 30 minutes * 161 F for 15 seconds * 280 F for 2 seconds (UHT milk, sterile, boxes in supermarkets)

Question 36

What are two tests used to make sure the milk has not been adulterated and is wholesome?

Answer 36

* Cryoscope test. Milk is frozen slightly below 32F (H2O freezing point). We freeze milk to see if the freezing point is increased - which would imply adulteration and added water. * Immunologic or bacteriologic tests to check for B-lactam resudues

Question 37

Thermoduric bacteria

Answer 37

* Common in raw milk * Survive pasteruization * Lactobacilli and Enterococci

Question 38

Psychotropic bacteria

Answer 38

* Grow in cold temperatures * Do NOT survive pasteurization * Produce off flavors but enzymes are not inactivated by pasteurization * **Majority of the PI count** --> speaks to the hygiene of cows and the effectiveness of cleaning the equiptment

Question 39

Spore-forming bacteria in milk and pasteurization

Answer 39

Survive

Question 40

What are the sources of bacteria in milk?

Answer 40

1. Cow cleanliness (housing, clipping or singeing of hair) 2. Milking practices 3. Cleaning of milk equiptment and bulk tank - increased PI if not performed properly 4. Bulk tank - cool 40F, need mechanical temp recoridng, in line plate coolers, agitators

Question 41

Milk stone importance

Answer 41

Bacteria in milk stone, which are protected from heat. Chunks break off and enter the bulk tank. Psychotropic bacteria proliferate. Thats why one step in cleaning the system involes using water with acid to get rid of milk stone that get stuck in the joints of piping.