Exotics Anaesthesia Flashcards by Kelsey Ellard

what are some general preanesthetic considerations

Client discussion
reduce animal stress
physical and laboratory evaluation
pre anaesthetic fasting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some general client discussions you should address before surgery

realistic expectations 
prognosis
risks
aftercare provider
cost

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in small animals

predisposed to hypothermia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ectotherms

do not generated their own heat

require external heat sources

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in well insulated small animals

susceptible to hyperthermia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ungulates

prone to malignant hyperthermia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some ways to measure temp

esophageal thermometer

rectal/clocal thermometer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name 6 heat sources that can be used during anesthesia

1) water circulating heating pad
2) incubators
3) hot water bottles
4) warm air blankets
5) rice socks
6) electric heating pad

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name some methods of heating fluid

incubator
warm water bath
microwave (mix well)
IV tubing in warm water bath
fluid heating devices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what temp should fluids be preheated to

80-95 degrees F

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the pneumatic bones in birds

humerus in all and femur in many

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what can happen if you place a catheter by pneumatic bones in birds

causes iatrogenic drowning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the best route for fluids

iV or intraosseous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you consider when doing intraperitoneal fluids

may cause peritonitis
not in birds or pregnant animals
express bladder first

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what should you consider when giving fluids via colonic route

isotonic, warmed- given as enema

absorbed across mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

standard fluid maintenance rates

40-100 ml/kg/24hr

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intraoperative fluid rates

10-20 mL/kg/hr

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

shock fluid rates

30-80 mL/kg in 20 min

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why should you avoid EDTA in small patient blood transfusions

may cause hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the anticoagulant of choice in birds

heparin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

can birds receive interspecies blood transfusions

they can receive one interspecies or genera transfusion

pigeons are the most common donors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what effect does atropine have on rodents and lagomorphs

useful to decrease airway secretions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what preanesthetic drugs are useful in rodents and lagomorphs

atropine
ace
diazepam

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what effect does ace have on gerbils

may potentiate seizures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what preanesthetic drug is used on camelids

medetomidine

what will the stabilized heart rate (%) be as a sign that you need to lighten anesthesia

<80% of stabilized rate after induction

what respiratory patterns indicate you need to lighten anesthesia

apneustic | erratic patterns

Ectotherms normally develop ___ at surgical plane of anesthesia. what should you do?

Apnea admin PPV 4-6X/min

what are 4 ECG modifications you need to know when dealing with animals without legs/arms

1) Attach clips to steel sutures or metal hubbed needles placed through skin at lead sites 2) Attach clips to alcohol soaked pads placed at usual lead sites 3) Wings are used for forelimb sites in birds 4) Place one clip cranial and one clip caudal to the heart in legless animals

where should you place the pulse OX

``` tongue esophageal oral or nasal mucosa cloaca vulva ``` on Nonpigmented skin: ear wing web flank

what are some responses in birds less than 30lb that indicate you have reached the surgical plane

slow withdraw- toe, tail, cloacal pinches slow third eyelid response

when you have reached the surgical plane with birds less than 30lbs you lighten anesthesia when you see what reflex

slow third eyelid response

What is the prefered rebreathing system for birds under 15lbs

non-rebreathing

which birds should you intubate

all birds over 100g

how should you induce birds less than 100g

small face mask | make one from syringe cases/rubber gloves

describe ET intubation in birds

- Glottis easy to see - Cuffs not recommended – tracheal rings complete - Can make small ET tubes from catheters, etc. - Tape to bird’s beak; monitor for occlusion - If trachea occluded, can cannulate caudal thoracic air sacs and suture tube in place – use as would ET tube

how often should you use PPV in self-ventilating birds

2X/min

how often should you use PPV in apneic birds

10-15x/min

tidal volume in birds is

15mL/kg

what are 2 major anesthesia emergencies in birds

apnea- lighten anesthesia immediately cardiac arrest follows within 2-5 min

how do you recover a bird from anesthesia

hold in towel until able to walk

how fast is recovery in birds

<5 min

what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of apnea

- PPV; if no ET tube, lift and compress sternum - 100% oxygen - Doxapram

what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of cardiac arrest

- Epinephrine - Lift and compress sternum - Laparotomy - fingertips or cotton-tipped applicators for internal cardiac massage

when handling birds greater than 30lbs what should you be cautious of (safety of personnel)

- Large ratites may disembowel a person; never approach from the front - -Use large sheets of wood as shields to herd into corner or chute from sides/rear - Long-billed birds strike swiftly with beaks - -Always wear eye protection - -Hoods may help calm/restrain birds

what are some complications with birds over 30lbs

capture myopathy hyperthermia leg fractures

when should you use injectable anesthetic in birds

short procedures

what injectables can be used for birds over 30lbs before induction

xylazine telazol diazepam/ketamine

how do you know when a reptile is in the surgical plane

when toe, tail, vent pinches do not elicit withdrawal most retain third eyelid reflex

You need to watch for apnea in reptiles. Which reptiles can hold their breath

chelonians aquatic squamates crocodilians

how often should you ventilate reptiles

3-6x/min

how quick do reptiles recover from ISO

less than 20 min

recovery from injectable anesthetics can take how long in reptiles

hours to days

what can help speed up recovery in reptiles

fluids and heat

what are the 2 main anesthetic emergencies in reptiles

``` respiratory arrest (apnea is frequent) cardiac arrest ```

what do you do when a turtle is in respiratory arrest

extend/retract front legs to facilitate respirations while placing ET tube

what do you do when a reptile is in cardiac arrest

- 100% oxygen - Chest compressions if no shell - Laparotomy – manually compress heart - Epinephrine

what drug can you give when a reptile is in respiratory arrest

doxapram

what are some special considerations when handling amphibians and their respiration

- Significant respiration occurs across moist skin - Do not allow to dry out - Handle with latex gloves or wet hands

what induction agent is given via immersion bath in amphibians

Tricaine methane sulfonate

What anesthesia agents should be used when handling fish

finquel | immersion bath

how do you treat overdose of anesthesia in fish

- Move to untreated oxygenated water - Pump oxygenated water through mouth - “Swim” the fish

when anesthetizing rabbits, rodents, and chinchillas with gas inductions what should you be cautious of

they hold breath and then take rapid breaths - use preanesthetic - use low induction settings

how do you know rabbits and rodents have reached the surgical plane

when they lose withdrawal reflexes

what should you remember when using small ET tubes in rabbits and rodents

they clog/kink easily PPV every 2 mins keep replacement tubes on hand

when intubation rabbits and rodents what must you be careful of not ot create

iatrogenic tracheitis

what life threatening problem can happen with oral intubation of rabbits and rodents

hemorrhage/swelling

describe how to intubate a rabbit or rodent

Practice and luck Bounce tube off roof of mouth into larynx Topical lidocaine to suppress laryngospasm

explain retrograde intubation technique in rabbits and rodents

- Aseptically prepare ventral neck - Over-the-needle catheter passed into trachea - Retrograde catheter through larynx - Use as stylet for ET tube - Remove catheter - May have to perform “cut-down” to trachea in fat-necked animals

what rebreathing system should be used for ferrets

non-rebreathing

how long should you withhold food from camelids

24-48 hrs

how long should you withhold water from camelids

24hrs

Exotics Anaesthesia Flashcards

(72 cards)