Exotics - reptiles

Question 1

What order are snakes and lizards in?

Answer 1

Squamata

Question 2

What order are tortoises and terrapins in?

Answer 2

Chelonians

Question 3

What family are most snakes in?

Answer 3

Colubrids

Question 4

What family are the constrictor snakes in?

Answer 4

Boids

Question 5

What kind of skull do snakes have?

Answer 5

Cranial kinesis - flexible and mobile bones

Question 6

What bone allows a wide gape in snakes?

Answer 6

Quadrate bone

Question 7

Do snakes have a mandibular symphysis?

Answer 7

No - instead a very elastic ligament

Question 8

What is the brain located in?

Answer 8

Brain case - heavily ossified

Question 9

What bones are used for snake hearing?

Answer 9

Quadrate bone and columella

Question 10

What bone is the columella equivalent to?

Answer 10

Stapes

Question 11

How does the snake hear?

Answer 11

The quadrate bone is in contact with the ground so can hear vibrations

Question 12

What do snakes use for sense of smell?

Answer 12

Vomeronasal organ

Question 13

What is the opening at the front of the mouth called?

Answer 13

Lingual fossa

Question 14

What special sense do pit vipers have?

Answer 14

IR detection

Question 15

Do lizards have a mandibular symphysis?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What extra special sense do lizards have?

Answer 16

Parietal/third eye - sensitive to changes in light and dark

Question 17

Which animals have scleral ossicles?

Answer 17

Lizards and tortoises

Question 18

What distinguishing feature do boids have?

Answer 18

Vestigial pelvis - spurs

Question 19

What are snake scales made up of?

Answer 19

Folds of epidermis

Question 20

What covers snake eyes?

Answer 20

Spectacle

Dont have eyelids

Question 21

What are the ventral scales of a snake called?

Answer 21

Gastropeges - wide, thick single scales

Question 22

What are the scales of a snake next to the vent called?

Answer 22

Subcaudal scales

Question 23

What is skin shedding called?

Answer 23

Ecdysis

Question 24

Where are chromatophores located?

Answer 24

In the dermis - pigment

Question 25

How often does ecdysis occur?

Answer 25

2-4 times a year

Question 26

What is it called when the tail falls off?

Answer 26

Tail autonomy

Question 27

What are features of tortoise eyes?

Answer 27

Movable eyelids Nictitating membrane Scleral ossicles

Question 28

What is the upper shell called?

Answer 28

Carapace

Question 29

What is the lower shell called?

Answer 29

Plastron

Question 30

What material is the tortoise shell made up of?

Answer 30

Dermal bone

Question 31

What are the sections of the tortoise shell called?

Answer 31

Scutes

Question 32

What are the scutes?

Answer 32

Keratinised epidermal scales - dont overlap with the dermal bone

Question 33

Do tortoises undergo ecdysis?

Answer 33

Yes of their scutes - bit by bit

Question 34

What are the scutes on the carapace called? Inside to outside

Answer 34

Vertebral Pleural Marginal (Cervical at neck)

Question 35

What are the scutes on the carapace called? Cranial to caudal

Answer 35

``` Gular Humeral Pectoral Abdominal Femoral Anal ```

Question 36

How do you sex a tortoise?

Answer 36

``` Males have: Longer thicker tail Concave plastron Vent beyond carapace Scute over tail on carapace curved/hooked ```

Question 37

Which side are organs are more cranial?

Answer 37

Right side are more cranial

Question 38

What is the main venepuncture site in snakes?

Answer 38

Ventral coccygeal vein

Question 39

What are the subchambers of a snakes ventricle called?

Answer 39

1st - Cavum venosum 2nd - Cavum pulmonale 3rd - Cavum arteriosum

Question 40

How does a snakes heart work?

Answer 40

Deoxy - Right atrium to cavum venosum Ventricle contracts, deoxy blood over ridge to cavum pulmonale Contracts again, blood to pulmonary artery Oxy - left atrium to cavum arteriosum Ventricle contracts, blood through atrioventricular canal Contracts again, blood into aorta

Question 41

What is the surface of the cranial snake lung called?

Answer 41

Faveolate/faveolar

Question 42

Which animals dont have a diaphragm?

Answer 42

Snakes, lizards, tortoises

Question 43

How many chambers do reptile hearts have?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

What is the renal portal system?

Answer 44

Where all blood draining the caudal body goes to the kidneys first

Question 45

What are the 3 body cavities in tortoises?

Answer 45

Pericardial Dorsal - containing the lungs Ventral - everything else

Question 46

What separates the dorsal and ventral cavities in a tortoise?

Answer 46

Post-pulmonary septum

Question 47

How does a tortoise respire?

Answer 47

Moves head and limbs in and out of the shell Viscera in ventral cavity pulled down which pulls the post pulmonary septum down This pulls the lungs out

Question 48

What is the venepuncture in a tortoise?

Answer 48

Jugular vein | Dorsal coccygeal vein

Question 49

How do snakes shunt blood?

Answer 49

Sphincter at start of pulmonary artery

Question 50

What kind of dentition do constrictor snakes have?

Answer 50

Aglyph

Question 51

How many rows of teeth do snakes have on their mandible each side?

Answer 51

1

Question 52

How many rows of teeth do snakes have on their upper jaw each side?

Answer 52

2

Question 53

What is the name of fangs that point backwards?

Answer 53

Ophistoglyph

Question 54

What is the name for fixed front fangs?

Answer 54

Proteroglyph

Question 55

What is the name for hinged front fangs and what are they in?

Answer 55

Solenoglyph - vipers

Question 56

What is a snakes heart like?

Answer 56

Elongates, 2-3 lobes

Question 57

Do snakes have gall bladders?

Answer 57

Yes

Question 58

What forms the organ triad in snakes?

Answer 58

Spleen, gall bladder and pancreas

Question 59

Where is the organ triad found?

Answer 59

Pyloric end of the stomach

Question 60

What are the 3 parts of the cloaca?

Answer 60

Coprodeum - rectum Urodeum - urinary and genital ducts Proctodeum - copulation occurs here

Question 61

What is a tortoises diet?

Answer 61

Mainly omnivorous, 25% herbivorous

Question 62

What is a reptiles diet?

Answer 62

Herbivorous/omnivorous

Question 63

Do tortoises have teeth?

Answer 63

No - horny beak

Question 64

What is the structure of snake and lizard kidneys?

Answer 64

Lobulated

Question 65

What have bladders?

Answer 65

Lizards - thin Tortoises - large Snakes - no bladder

Question 66

What kind of testes do snakes have?

Answer 66

Fusiform testes - pale and spindle shaped

Question 67

What helps to produce seminal fluid in snakes and lizards?

Answer 67

Sexual segment in kidneys

Question 68

What penis like structure do snakes have?

Answer 68

2 hemipenes

Question 69

What is the groove in the hemipene called?

Answer 69

Sulcus spermaticus - sperm travels along it

Question 70

What is the structure of snake ovaries?

Answer 70

Saccular, covered in follicles

Question 71

What are ovaries near?

Answer 71

Pancreas

Question 72

Are the gonads cranial or caudal to the kidneys?

Answer 72

Cranial

Question 73

Where is a lizards/tortoises bladder located?

Answer 73

Comes off the cloaca

Question 74

What is the structure of the oviduct?

Answer 74

Pleated ribbon

Question 75

What does the epididymis look like in tortoises?

Answer 75

Black pigmentation

Question 76

What is the male genitalia of the tortoise?

Answer 76

Engorgement of tissue on cloaca floor that protrudes out the vent

Question 77

What are reproductive problems in tortoises?

Answer 77

Pre ovulatory egg stasis - follicles form but dont ovulate | Post ovulatory egg stasis - egg stuck due to damage/stress/disease

Question 78

Where are the kidneys located in tortoises?

Answer 78

Caudal to gonads | Symmetrically placed