Experiment 10

Question 1

It is a filtrate from the blood and serves as a medium for excretion of water, salts, acids, bases, waste products of metabolism, and other materials

Answer 1

Urine

Question 2

It helps in the maintenance of water balance, acid-base equilibrium and serves as important factor in the detoxification of the body

Answer 2

Urine

Question 2

For majority of urine examinations, the ____ is the most suitable

Answer 2

first early morning urine

Question 3

It is recommended the urine collection is preceded by at least ____ of lying position

Answer 3

eight hours

Question 4

The early morning urine is more ____ and ____ compared to the later samples, and suitable especially for chemical examination

Answer 4

more concentrated and acidic

Question 5

The urine taken later during the day is more affected by ____ , ____ and ____

Answer 5

liquid intake, food and physical activity

Question 6

Urine is typically obtained by a ____ micturition

Answer 6

spontaneous

Question 7

The actual urine collection is to be performed after thorough washing and wiping of the external _____

Answer 7

urethral orifice

Question 8

A perfectly clean, dry, and capped ___ should be used; in particular, it must be free from ____ and ____ that distort chemical analyses

Answer 8

vessel ; detergents and disinfectants

Question 9

The ___ flow of urine is best for analysis. The initial flow is always ____ with cells and bacteria from around the external urethral orifice. Therefore, the patient should ____ the first flow or urine into closet, and pick up the following portion of urine into the collection vessel

Answer 9

middle ; contaminated ; dispose

Question 10

In women, the examination of urine is avoided shortly before, and shortly after the _____

Answer 10

menstruation

Question 11

The normal urine is usually light yellow to ____ . Generally, the ______ the solute volume the _____ the color.

The yellow color of urine is due to the presence of a yellow pigment, _______.

Deviations from normal colors can be caused by certain ___ and _______ .

Answer 11

COLOR

amber ; greater ; deeper

urochrome

drugs ; pigments

Question 12

Normal urine is slightly ______ , characteristic smell of freshly ____ .

Urine becomes more _______ upon standing due to bacterial activity.

Answer 12

ODOR

aromatic ; voided urine

ammonia-like

Question 13

Normal urine is _____ or ____ and becomes cloudy upon standing.

Cloudy urine may be evidence of _____ , _____ , _____ , ____ , _____ , or _____. (PUMBEL)

Answer 13

TURBIDITY

transparent ; clear

phosphates, urates, mucus, bacteria, epithelial cells, or leukocytes

Question 14

Normal pH ranges from ____ . High protein diets increase ______ .

Vegetarian diets and bacterial infections increase ______ .

Answer 14

PH

4.5-8.0 ; acidity

alkalinity

Question 15

A normal waste product that the body produces every day during muscle movements and when digesting meat

Answer 15

Creatinine

Question 16

Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the _____ , and it leaves the body in urine. High levels of creatinine in the urine can indicate _____ , _____ , or problems with the ______ .

Low creatinine levels may indicate a person has chronic ______ , reduced ______ , or _____.

Answer 16

blood ; diabetes ; high muscle tone ; kidneys

kidney disease ; kidney function ; malnutrition

Question 17

TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS

WEYL’s TEST (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ with 3 drops of sodium ________ solution. Make solution BASIC with diluted ______ solution.
- Formation of _____
- Add _____ until color formed turns _____ . This indicates the presence of _____

Answer 17

• urine ; nitroprusside solution ; NAOH
• ruby red color
• acetic acid ; creatinine

Question 18

TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS

Jaffe’s TEST (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ and add an aqueous _____ solution. Make solution BASIC with _____ diluted ____ solution
- Formation of _____

Answer 18

• urine ; picric acid ; diluted NAOH
• red color

Question 19

TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS

Sulfates (CREATININE)
- Mix 5 ml of ____ with 5 drops of glacial ______
and 3 drops of _____ solution
- formation of ____ of BaSO4

Answer 19

• urine ; acetic acid ; BaCl2
• White PPT ; Barium Sulfate

Question 20

TEST FOR NORMAL CONTITUENTS

Chlorides (CREATININE)
- 5 ml of ____ and add 2 drops of ____ and 2 drops of ____ solution
- Formation of _____ of AgCl

Answer 20

• urine ; HNO3 ; AgNO3
• White PPT ; Silver Chloride

Question 21

TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS

• What test used
• Other name of Albumin
• Reagents Used
• (If turbidity dissolves, it is due to ___)

Answer 21

• Coagulation Test
• Albuminuria
• Diluted Acetic Acid
• phosphate

Question 22

TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS

Other names (2) of Glucose

Answer 22

Benedict’s Test ; Glucosuria

Question 23

TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS

Other names (2) of Blood

Answer 23

Benzedine Test ; Hematuria

Question 24

TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS Other names (2) of Bile

Answer 24

Gmelin's Test ; Biliuria

Question 25

TEST FOR PATHOLOGIC CONSTITUENTS Other names (2) of Ketone Bodies

Answer 25

Rothera's Test ; Ketonuria

Question 26

a pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine.

Answer 26

Albuminuria

Question 27

a major plasma protein (normally circulating in the blood); in healthy people, only trace amounts of it are present in urine, whereas larger amounts occur in the urine of patients with kidney disease.

Answer 27

Albumin

Question 28

It is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. It is nearly always caused by an elevated blood sugar level, most commonly due to untreated diabetes.

Answer 28

Glucosuria

Question 29

It is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine. ____ that enters and mixes with the urine can come from any location within the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and in men, the prostate. Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise.

Answer 29

Hematuria ; Blood

Question 30

It is an abnormality which refers to the presence of bile pigment in the urine. The most common cause of biliuria is HEPATOCELLULAR disease.

Answer 30

Biliuria

Question 31

It is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type___ diabetes mellitus. Production of ketone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose, meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids.

Answer 31

Ketonuria ; 1