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Psychology a-level > Experimental Method > Flashcards

Experimental Method Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that does not state the direction the results will go in

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2
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states the direction that the results will go in

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3
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states there will be no difference between the participants

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4
Q

The operationalised directional hypothesis?

A

participants who [do something IV] will be [faster, score higher etc.] at [something DV] than participants who [ do something else IV]

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5
Q

The operationalised non-directional/null hypothesis?

A

there will be (no) significant difference between participants who [ do something IV] and those who [do something else IV] when asked to complete [the task DV]

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6
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A variable that you manipulate

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7
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that you measure

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8
Q

What is the control condition?

A

A condition where there is no manipulation of the IV

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9
Q

What are pilot studies?

A

Small-scale trial runs of the actual investigation

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10
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Variables that if not kept the same for every participants, may affect the results

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of extraneous variables?

A

participant variables - gender, age
situational variables - heat, time of day

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12
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

If extraneous variables are not controlled then they become confounding variables - if they are not controlled throughout the experiment then they will have an effect on the results.

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13
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Any features of a procedure that influences a participant to try to guess what the study is about

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14
Q

How can demand characteristics be controlled?

A

Deceiving participants
Single blind study - the participants don’t know hat condition they are in.

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15
Q

What is the investigator effect?

A

A term used to describe subtle cues or signals from an experimenter that effect the performance of participants in studies

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16
Q

How can the investigator effect be controlled?

A

Double blind study - where neither the participant nor the researcher knows which condition they are in
Randomization - using chance wherever possible

17
Q

What is the independent group design?

A

Participants are placed in separate groups, and each group experiences one level of the IV

18
Q

What is the repeated measure design?

A

All participants receive all levels of the IV

19
Q

What is a matched pairs design?

A

Match participants with similar characteristics and then split them into two groups, which both experience one level of the IV

20
Q

What are the limitations of the repeated measures design?

A

The order effect - participants may do better or worse because of the boredom effect or practice effect
Demand characteristics - they may guess the experiment and skew the results

21
Q

What are the limitations of the independent groups design?

A

The researcher cannot control the participant variables- can be evened out by random allocation
Needs more participant than the repeated measures design

22
Q

What are the limitations of the matched pairs design?

A

Time consuming to match up pairs and Requires a large group to make sure pairs can be made
Cannot control/match all of the participant variables.

23
Q

How to avoid the order effect?

A

Leaving a gap
Two equally hard tasks
Using a different design
Counterbalancing

24
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

ABBA (AB, BA) get some participants to do AB and some to do BA therefore any difference is not due to the order.

25
Q

What are the strengths of the matched pairs design?

A

Smaller amount of participants needed
Participant variables don’t effect results

26
Q

What are the strengths of independent groups design?

A

No order effect
Less chance of demand characteristics

27
Q

What are the strengths of a matched pairs design?

A

No order effect
Less chance of demand characteristics
Less effected by participant variables

28
Q

What are the types of experiments?

A

Lab - highly controlled conditions
field - manipulate the IV in the real world
natural - pre-existing IV
quasi - using participants natural differences

Psychology a-level (6 decks)

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