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Explainastions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary focus of biological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Genetic factors and their influence on the disorder

Biological explanations emphasize the role of heredity in schizophrenia.

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2
Q

What type of studies show a trend in schizophrenia among family members?

A

Family Studies

Family studies investigate the prevalence of schizophrenia within families.

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3
Q

What are the two types of twin studies used in schizophrenia research?

A

Monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic (DZ) twins

MZ twins share 100% of their genes, while DZ twins share 50%.

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4
Q

What is the concordance rate for MZ twins according to Gottesman and Shields (1966)?

A

42% me

The concordance rate for DZ twins is 9%.

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5
Q

What is the definition of heritability in the context of schizophrenia?

A

The extent to which the presence of a disorder is due to genetic variance in the population

Heritability indicates how much genetics contribute to the disorder.

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6
Q

What is the conclusion of Hilker et al.’s twin study regarding the heritability of schizophrenia?

A

Heritability of schizophrenia is 79.2%

This study included over 30,000 pairs of twins.

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7
Q

What do adoption studies help distinguish in the context of schizophrenia?

A

Genetic and environmental factors

They compare adoptive children to biological children.

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8
Q

What do genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify in relation to schizophrenia?

A

Gene variants associated with the disorder

GWAS helps to find polymorphic genes that are more common in individuals with schizophrenia.

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9
Q

What does it mean that schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder?

A

It is likely the result of more than one gene

This indicates that multiple genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The concordance rate for DZ twins is _______.

A

9%
## Footnote

This low rate suggests a lesser genetic influence compared to MZ twins.

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11
Q

True or False: Schizophrenia is solely caused by one single gene.

A

False

Schizophrenia is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between certain alleles and schizophrenia?

A

Certain alleles may be responsible for neurochemical imbalances associated with schizophrenia.

This highlights the genetic influence on the disorder.

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13
Q

What can cause problems during cell division related to schizophrenia?

A

Errors during cell division can lead to duplications or deletions of DNA strands.

These errors may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.

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14
Q

What is DiGeorge syndrome and its connection to schizophrenia?

A

DiGeorge syndrome involves the deletion of 30-40 genes from chromosome 22, which can lead to the development of schizophrenia.

This syndrome highlights a genetic factor linked to the disorder.

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15
Q

Which specific gene deletion is linked to schizophrenia in DiGeorge syndrome?

A

The deletion of the COMT gene is linked to schizophrenia.

The COMT gene codes for an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters such as dopamine.

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16
Q

What role does the neurotransmitter GABA play in schizophrenia?

A

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that may be associated with increased sensitivity in schizophrenia.

This suggests a complex interaction of neurotransmitters in the disorder.

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17
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis in relation to schizophrenia?

A

The dopamine hypothesis states that brains of people with schizophrenia produce more dopamine than those without the disorder.

This theory links dopamine levels to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

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18
Q

What can cause an excess of dopamine in the brain?

A

Excess L-Dopa and differences in the number of dopamine receptors can cause increased dopamine levels.

These factors may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms.

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19
Q

Define dopamine.

A

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that enables communication between neurons, allowing impulses to pass between cells.

It plays a significant role in many neurological functions.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The excess of dopamine is considered a cause of _______.

A

schizophrenia

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21
Q

True or False: Schizophrenia is solely caused by genetic factors.

A

False

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22
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the context of schizophrenia?

A

Neurotransmitters like dopamine and GABA are involved in the biochemical imbalances associated with schizophrenia.

Their interactions are crucial in understanding the disorder.

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23
Q

What is the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another called?

A

Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission involves both electrical and chemical signals.

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24
Q

What are the two ways neurons transmit signals?

A
  • Electrical (within a neuron)
  • Chemical (between neurons)

Chemical transmission occurs at the synapse.

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25
How do neurotransmitters move across a nerve?
In vesicles until they reach the synapse ## Footnote Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
26
What happens to excess neurotransmitters after they are released into the synapse?
They are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron ## Footnote This process is essential for regulating neurotransmitter levels.
27
What role do enzymes play in neurotransmission?
Enzymes break down excess neurotransmitters ## Footnote This prevents overstimulation of receptors.
28
What is the effect of neurotransmitters binding to receptor sites?
They activate the receptors ## Footnote This initiates the transmission of the message to the next neuron.
29
What can affect the production of neurotransmitters?
* Too many or too few chemicals blocking receptors * Enzymes not produced * Excess reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron ## Footnote These factors can lead to imbalances in neurotransmission.
30
True or False: Excess dopamine in certain brain regions is associated with disorganized speech.
True ## Footnote Specifically, this is linked to the Broca's region, which is responsible for language functions.
31
Fill in the blank: The Broca's region is responsible for the function of _______.
language ## Footnote This area is crucial for speech production and language processing.
32
What is the term for the specific symptoms associated with excess dopamine in the Broca's region?
Disorganized speech ## Footnote This symptom can indicate underlying neurological issues.
33
Define drug trials
Research studies where different drugs or medications are given to groups of people and their outcomes are compared. ## Footnote This method helps determine the efficacy and safety of new treatments.
34
Define post-mortem studies
Examination of a person's brain after they have died to investigate abnormalities that could explain symptoms or conditions they experienced while alive. ## Footnote These studies provide insights into neurological disorders.
35
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
A technique that uses gamma cameras to detect radioactive tracers, such as glucose, that is ingested into the blood, allowing areas of the brain to become visible. ## Footnote PET scans are used to observe metabolic processes in the brain.
36
What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia?
Evidence comes from drug trials involving substances that increase dopamine levels, such as cocaine and amphetamines, which have been linked to hallucinations and delusions. ## Footnote High levels of dopamine are believed to worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia.
37
Fill in the blank: People with schizophrenia show a larger number of _______ receptors compared to those without the disorder.
dopamine
38
What did post-mortem studies reveal about the brains of individuals with schizophrenia?
They have a larger number of dopamine receptors than people without the disorder. ## Footnote This suggests a potential biological basis for the disorder.
39
What did Wise et al. find regarding dopamine levels in deceased individuals with schizophrenia?
They found abnormal levels of the enzyme that breaks down dopamine, suggesting excessive quantities of dopamine were present. ## Footnote This finding supports the idea of dysregulated dopamine metabolism in schizophrenia.
40
What does PET scan analysis measure in the context of schizophrenia?
The amount of dopamine activity in the brain, including the number of receptors in the striatum, limbic systems, and cortex. ## Footnote This helps in understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of schizophrenia.
41
What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia?
Evidence comes from drug trials involving substances that increase dopamine levels, such as cocaine and amphetamines, which have been linked to hallucinations and delusions. ## Footnote High levels of dopamine are believed to worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia.
42
What did post-mortem studies reveal about the brains of individuals with schizophrenia?
They have a larger number of dopamine receptors than people without the disorder. ## Footnote This suggests a potential biological basis for the disorder.
43
What did Wise et al. find regarding dopamine levels in deceased individuals with schizophrenia?
They found abnormal levels of the enzyme that breaks down dopamine, suggesting excessive quantities of dopamine were present. ## Footnote This finding supports the idea of dysregulated dopamine metabolism in schizophrenia.
44
What percentage of cognitive explanations recognize a biological reason for schizophrenia?
74% ## Footnote This percentage indicates a significant acknowledgment of biological factors in cognitive explanations of schizophrenia.
45
Who accepts the role of the biochemical process in schizophrenia?
Frith ## Footnote Frith is known for integrating biochemical processes into cognitive explanations of schizophrenia.
46
What has not been identified as a single cause of schizophrenia?
Genetic or biological cause ## Footnote This highlights the complexity of schizophrenia's etiology.
47
How does Frith view schizophrenia?
As involving cognitive mental processes rather than just physiological ones ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes the role of cognitive functions in understanding schizophrenia.
48
What does Frith describe schizophrenia as an abnormality of?
Self-monitoring ## Footnote Self-monitoring refers to the ability to recognize one's thoughts and inner speech.
49
In schizophrenia, what do patients fail to recognize as inner speech?
Perceived hallucinations ## Footnote This failure can lead to misinterpretations of experiences and symptoms in schizophrenia.
50
Fill in the blank: Cognitive explanations of schizophrenia recognize that there is a ______ reason for the disorder.
biological ## Footnote This indicates that biological factors are considered in cognitive frameworks for understanding schizophrenia.
51
True or False: Frith's cognitive explanation of schizophrenia solely focuses on physiological aspects.
False ## Footnote Frith emphasizes cognitive processes alongside biological factors.
52
Who is Dr. Eleanor Longden?
A speaker in a TED talk about her experiences of hearing voices, which has over 5 million viewers and is translated into 37 languages. ## Footnote Dr. Longden's talk addresses the personal experiences related to auditory hallucinations.
53
What does Professor Chris Frith suggest about dopamine in relation to voice-hearing?
Discussions about dopamine do not explain the subjective experience of voice-hearing. ## Footnote This points to the complexity of understanding schizophrenia beyond just neurotransmitter activity.
54
What cognitive explanation did Professor Chris Frith advance in the 1990s about schizophrenia?
He proposed that both positive and negative symptoms result from faulty information processing. ## Footnote This was one of the first cognitive explanations for the disorder.
55
What is a self-monitoring error in the context of schizophrenia?
It is when individuals have difficulty distinguishing between auditory stimuli occurring outside their mind and their self-generated inner voice. ## Footnote This error can lead to auditory hallucinations.
56
How can experiences of influence, like thought insertion, be understood?
As a person's inability to recognize the difference between internally and externally generated stimuli. ## Footnote This relates to the cognitive theory of schizophrenia.
57
What is the connection between auditory hallucinations, experiences of influence, and delusions?
They may be linked through abnormal sensory experiences and a failure to differentiate between internal and external stimuli. ## Footnote This illustrates how cognitive errors can contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia.
58
What was the focus of the 2001 research by Baron-Cohen et al.?
It investigated how people with autism spectrum disorder process social information compared to those without the diagnosis. ## Footnote This research is related to cognitive approaches in understanding social cognition.
59
Fill in the blank: The cognitive theory of schizophrenia suggests that individuals may mistake their _______ thoughts as coming from an external source.
sub-vocal ## Footnote This highlights a key misunderstanding in auditory processing in schizophrenia.
60
True or False: The cognitive theory of schizophrenia solely focuses on the biological aspects of the disorder.
False ## Footnote The cognitive theory emphasizes information processing and psychological aspects.
61
What are sensory experiences that can occur in schizophrenia?
Hallucinations ## Footnote Hallucinations refer to sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind.
62
What does mentalising refer to in psychology?
Understanding that other people can have intentions and mental states/emotions that differ from our own ## Footnote This concept is crucial for social interactions and is often assessed through tests like the 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes.'
63
Who conducted research in 2001 about how people with autism spectrum disorder process social information?
Baron-Cohen et al. ## Footnote Their research involved an advanced theory of mind test called the 'eyes test.'
64
What is the 'Reading the mind in the eyes' test designed to assess?
The ability to attribute mental states by examining pairs of eyes ## Footnote This test evaluates how well individuals can understand others' emotions and intentions.
65
According to Frith (1992), what may result from difficulties in mentalising in schizophrenia?
Persecutory delusions and paranoia ## Footnote Misinterpretation of neutral behavior as hostility may lead to these beliefs.
66
What might an under-developed theory of mind in individuals with schizophrenia lead them to believe?
That others have the same opinion of them as they have of themselves ## Footnote This can exacerbate negative feelings and symptoms.
67
What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia often a result of?
Difficulties in the social world ## Footnote These symptoms may manifest as social withdrawal and perception of the world as dangerous.
68
How do people with schizophrenia typically handle new evidence that contradicts their beliefs?
They fail to update their understanding based on new evidence ## Footnote This leads to the maintenance of abnormal beliefs.
69
What type of bias do individuals with schizophrenia exhibit regarding counter-evidence?
They show a bias against counter-evidence ## Footnote This means they tend to disregard information that disconfirms their delusions.
70
Fill in the blank: People with schizophrenia tend to draw conclusions based on _______.
Insufficient evidence ## Footnote This can lead to bizarre beliefs despite conflicting evidence.

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