Explanation's of forgetting? Flashcards
(16 cards)
What does interference refer to?
Interference is where two lots of information become confused. One memory blocks another, causing one or both of the memories to be forgotten or distorted. Interference occurs kore when the two lots of information are similar. Interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instance of learning.
What does proactive interference refer to?
Involves old information interfering with new information.
What does retroactive interference refer to?
Involves new information interfering with old information.
Explain the research support from Baddeley and Hitch 1977?
Baddeley and Hitch (1977) studied rugby players who had played different numbers of games over a season and asked them to recall the names of teams they had played earlier. They found that players who had played more games in between were worse at recalling earlier opponents, even if the time since the game was the same, showing that interference from newer games (retroactive interference), not just the passage of time, caused forgetting.
Explain Keppel and Underwoods research support?
Keppel and Underwood (1962) found evidence for proactive interference in a study using trigrams (three-letter combinations). Participants were asked to remember different trigrams over multiple trials, and although recall was good on the first trial, performance declined rapidly on later ones. This showed that earlier learned information was interfering with new learning, supporting the idea that proactive interference builds up over time and affects memory.
Explain Mcgeoch and McDo9nald1931 research support?
McGeoch and McDonald (1931) investigated the effects of retroactive interference by having participants learn a list of words (List A), followed by a second list (List B) that varied in similarity. The groups learned different types of List B: synonyms, antonyms, unrelated words, nonsense syllables, numbers, or no second list (control). They found that recall of the original list was worst when the second list was most similar (synonyms) and best when it was unrelated (numbers or no list), showing that similar material causes more interference, supporting retroactive interference as a key explanation for forgetting.
What is retrieval failure?
This is where the information is in long-term memory, but cannot be accessed. Such information is said to be available but not accessible. This happens when you have insufficient cues.
What was Tulving and Thompsons encoding specificity principle ?
They stated that when memories are created, associated cues are stored at the same time. If these cues are not present when trying to recall the information, forgetting will take place. For example, when going downstairs, you may forget what you went down for. By returning the scene of the memory, such as by going back to your bedroom, the cue of the environment you were in acts as a triggger for the recall of the memory, the reason why you went downstairs.
What is context dependents forgetting?
This occurs when there’s a lack of external retrieval cues. Forgetting occurs when the external environment for recall is different to the encoding environment.
What is state dependent forgetting ?
This occurs when there’s a lack of internal retrieval cures. Forgetting occurs when an individuals internal environment ( mood, emotions etc) is different at recall to encoding.
Explain Godden & Baddeley’s research ?
Procedure: Divers had to learn a list of words and recall them. There was 4 conditions:
Learn on land, recall on land
Learn on land, recall underwater
Learn underwater, recall on land
Learn underwater, recall underwater
Explain Godden & Baddeley’s findings?
Accurate recall was 40% lower when the learning and recall environments did not match.
What type of forgetting does Godden & Baddeley’s provide evidence before.
Context dependent forgetting
What was Carter & Cassady’s procedure?
Ppts had to learn passages of words and recall them. There was 4 conditions:
Learn whilst on anti-histamines, recall on anti-histamines
Learn whilst on anti0histamines, recall whilst not on anti-histamines. ect
What were the findings of Carter & Cassady’s research?
Condition’s in which the state of learning matched that of recall resulted in a significantly higher recall rate.
What type of forgetting does Carter & Cassady provide evidence before.
State dependent forgetting.
