Memory ( The Multi store model and types of Long term memory

Question 1

What are the three types of long term memory ?

Answer 1

Semantic, Episodic, procedural.

Question 2

What is Semantic ?

Answer 2

The memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge. Underlies the conscious recollection of factual information and general knowledge about the world.

Question 3

What is Episodic ?

Answer 3

It is the memory of autobiographical events for examples: times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when , where why knowledge).
It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place and require conscious recall.

Question 4

What is Procedural ?

Answer 4

The memory for the performance of particular types of actions and skills. It guides the processes we perform and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness.

Question 5

How does memory work?

Answer 5

Coding, capacity and duration, the multi-store model, the working memory model.

Question 6

What is explanation of forgetting ?

Answer 6

Inference theory and retrieval failure.

Question 7

What is an eyewitness testimony ?

Answer 7

Factors affecting, accuracy, including misleading information, anxiety, cognitive interview.

Question 8

Explain the H.M. case study ?

Answer 8

H.M. was a patient under Dr. William coville who believed that removing H.M.’s hippocampus would alleviate his epileptic seizures. While the surgery was successful, it led to H.M. suffering from anterograde amnesia, in which he could no longer form or keep new memories.

Question 9

What did the HM study reveal ?

Answer 9

That the medial temporal lobe structures are uniquely specialized to establish and maintain declarative memories and that, the hippocampus is vital for encoding short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 10

What did Atkinson and Shiffrin state about the multi store model?

Answer 10

That it is made up of three unitary stores. They suggest that each store is different and information is transferred from one store to another in a fixed, linear sequence.

Question 11

Explain the stores and processes of the multi store model?

Answer 11

Information from the environment goes into sensory register, and if we pay attention, it moves to short-term memory, if we don’t then it will decay quickly. Next, with enough prolonged rehearsal information will move to long-term memory, where it can stay for a long time, but sometimes we can’t remember it because of retrieval failure.

Question 12

What is the definition of capacity?

Answer 12

The amount of information that can be stored.

Question 13

What is the definition of duration ?

Answer 13

How long information can be stores in memory.

Question 14

What is the definition of coding?

Answer 14

The format in which memory is stored.

Question 15

What is the capacity in the sensory register?

Answer 15

High

Question 16

What is the duration in the sensory register?

Answer 16

Less than half a second

Question 17

What is the coding in the sensory register?

Answer 17

Modal specific

Question 18

What is the capacity in short term memory?

Answer 18

7 items +/-2

Question 19

What is the duration for short term memory?

Answer 19

Up to 18 seconds

Question 20

What is the coding for short term memory?

Answer 20

Acoustic

Question 21

What is the capacity for Long term memory?

Answer 21

Unlimited

Question 22

What is the duration for long term memory?

Answer 22

Unlimited

Question 23

What is the coding for long term memory?

Answer 23

Semantic

Question 24

What is Jacobs research support on capacity?

Answer 24

Jacobs investigated short-term memory (STM) capacity using a digit span technique, where participants repeated back sequences of numbers or letters that got longer each time.

Question 25

What did Miller find about the span capacity of human memory?

Answer 25

It was about 7 items( plus or minus 2).

Question 26

What is some evaluation for Jacobs research support in capacity?

Answer 26

Both Jacobs and Millers research show that short-term memory has a limited capacity, but their studies might not reflect real-life memory use since they were done in labs, and Miller's idea of chinking suggesting STM can be more flexible than first thought. - Low ecological validity - No practice effects.

Question 27

Explain Peterson and Peterson's research support into duration?

Answer 27

A lab experiment conducted with 24 undergraduate students who took part in 8 trials. They gave ppts trigrams such as GDP to remember then having them count backwards in threes for varying amounts of time before recalling the trigrams.

Question 28

What did Jacob find from his research?

Answer 28

He found that on average span was 9.3 for numbers and 7.3 for letters, showing that STM has a limited capacity that varies a slightly depending on the type of material,

Question 29

What did Peterson and Peterson Find from there research?

Answer 29

They found that after 3 seconds ppts recalled about 80% correctly, but after 18 seconds, the recall dropped around 10% showing STM lasts only a short time without rehearsal.

Question 30

What was the evaluation for Peterson and Peterson's research?

Answer 30

- Lab experiment= Low ecological validity - Undergraduates - not representative of everyone.

Question 31

What was Bahrick et al research support ?

Answer 31

Bahrick et al 1975. Investigated the duration of long-term memory by testing the recall of high school classmates names and faces in a sample of participants ranging from 17-74 years old.

Question 32

What did Bahrick find from there research?

Answer 32

They found that after 48 years, ppts were still able to recognize faces with 70% accuracy, suggesting that long-term memory can last for decades with high accuracy, especially for meaningful information.

Question 33

What is the evaluation for Bahricks research?

Answer 33

High ecological validity because it has real-world application, but there are potential confounding variables such as differences in ppts initial encoding and the possible influence of rehearsing memories over time.

Question 34

What is Baddeley research support into coding?

Answer 34

Gave ppts one of four word lists to learn. Either acoustically similar ( Cat and mat) or semantically similar ( Big and large). He found found ppts had more difficulty recalling acoustically similar words in short-term memory but struggled with semantically similar words in long-term memory, suggesting that different types of encoding are used for short-term and long-term memory.

Question 35

What is the evaluation for Baddeley's research into coding?

Answer 35

Baddeley used random words which are artificial stimuli. This doesn't reflect the information we try to remember in realm life, giving the study low ecological validity.

Question 36

What is contradictory research for the Multistore model?

Answer 36

According to the MSM, it's the amount of rehearsal that matters. However, Craik and Watkins 1973 found that there are actually different types of rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal refers to linking information to pre-existing information or giving it some meaning,