Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure

Question 1

What is retrieval failure in memory?

Answer 1

Forgetting occurs because we lack the cues needed to access a memory. These cues can be internal (state-dependent) or external (context-dependent).

Question 2

What does the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP) state?

Answer 2

A cue must be present at both encoding and retrieval to help memory recall; if the cue is missing, retrieval is less likely.

Question 3

What was the aim and finding of Godden & Baddeley (1975)?

Answer 3

They tested context-dependent forgetting using land/underwater learning and recall. Recall was better when learning and recall occurred in the same context.

Question 4

What did Carter & Cassaday (1998) study and conclude?

Answer 4

They investigated state-dependent forgetting using anti-histamines. Recall was worse when the internal state at recall differed from encoding.

Question 5

What is one real-world application of retrieval failure theory?

Answer 5

It explains why we forget things in exams and why recall improves when we return to the place of learning, helping with revision techniques.

Question 6

What experimental evidence supports retrieval failure theory?

Answer 6

Studies by Godden & Baddeley and Carter & Cassaday provide controlled support for context and state-dependent forgetting, strengthening validity.

Question 7

What did Baddeley (1997) say about context effects in real life?

Answer 7

He argued that real-life context changes are rarely as extreme as in studies, suggesting limited real-world relevance of context-dependent forgetting.

Question 8

Why is the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP) criticized?

Answer 8

It is circular and unfalsifiable; we cannot prove whether a cue was encoded at learning, weakening its scientific credibility.