export_lecture 1 what is cognition

Question 1

What is Classical cognition? and who inspired it?

Answer 1

Alan Turing. Human cognition reflects the manipulation of symbols according to specified rules for combining those symbols (syntax)

Question 2

What is the Turing Test?

Answer 2

An computer intelligence test, where a computer attempts to distinguish between a computer and human by answering their questions, by match text input to appropriately stored knowledge.

Question 3

What is cognition?

Answer 3

the activity of acquiring, organising and using information to enable adaptive, goal directed behaviour. Latin: ‘to know’.

Question 4

What processes does cognition include? DARLL M

Answer 4

Learning, Memory, attention, language, reasoning, and decision making

Question 5

What do Cognitive Agents do?

Answer 5

• Detect, encode and effect the changing enviro.
• construct mental models to represent causal nature of env
• adapt mental models to feedback
• use models to guide future models

Question 6

Why Study Aplysia’s?

Answer 6

• unusually large neurons.
• learned behaviours are encoded at the neuronal level,
• signalling pathways
• their knowledge is implicit, does not know what it knows. REFLEXIVE.

Question 7

What is the computational metaphor of cognition?

Answer 7

flow of info through processing devices that encode store and retrieve symbolic representations of knowledge

• brain hardware
• mind software (program)

Question 8

Describe the typical information processing model by Atkin and Shiffrin (1968).

Answer 8

• environment, STM, LTM
• encoded in sensory mem
• STM is a metaphorical workbench
• LTM feeds previous info/exp to STM
• rehearsing increases STM
• LTM stores indefinitely large amounts of info.

Question 9

What components are in LTM?

Answer 9

Declaritive: episodic, semantic, linguistic.

Non-declaritive: conditioned learning, procedural skills, priming.

Question 10

Explain thinking in the classical cognition.

Answer 10

thought processes that are expressed with symbolic tokens that represent the things they refer to. mind is a rule following device. Language is just a medium to translate inner mental representations

Question 11

What is classical cognition good and bad for modelling/showing?

Answer 11

• Good: problem solving, reasoning.

* Bad: perception, action, patterns.

Question 12

what is a propositional representation?

Answer 12

represents the relationships among semantic elements independently of the specific surface elements. AKA the underlying meanings of structure without the structure itself eg Under (cat, table). the schema can represent many different surface forms/ sentence structures.

Question 13

what are predicates and arguments in Propositions?

Answer 13

• Predicate: expresses the relationship between elements
• Arguments: subject/object of sentence
• eg happy (john) = predicate-argument schema

Question 14

How does Collins and Quillan’s symbolic representation organise a conceptual model of knowledge?

Answer 14

it outlines that the semantic memory system is coded in propositional form expressing relationships. Hierarchal organisation, linked to other things. canary ‘has’ wings, ‘is’ alive. links it to birds and living things.

Question 15

Describe Shpard and Metzler’s (1971) study.

Answer 15

• hypothesis: analogue manipulations in the minds
• Method: A) showed 3D asymetrical cubes B) slightly rotated. another condition mirror image. Time respond is identical or mirror.
• Results: supported this. time increased due to larger rotation.
• Implications: cognitive processes can be analogue, images are analogous to what they rep

Question 16

what are the 4 implications of Shepard and Metzlers (1971) study?

Answer 16

1. some CG processes are analogue representations, not symbolic.
2. images are similar to what they represent.
3. are manipulated similar to physically.
4. challenged the computer model of the mind that previously lay at the heart of CG science.

Question 17

Describe the new, Bottom-up dynamic, embodied and situated view of cognition.

Answer 17

Dynamic: unfolds over time and space. happens in real time.
Embodied: interactions provide basis for higher order thinking. knowledge grounded in enviro

Situated : structure enviro to support out cognitive processes.

Process of thinking about something, and gaining knowledge of it and us (in relation to it)

Question 18

What studies supported the new bottom-up dynamic, embodied and situated view of CG?

Answer 18

Spivey 05: mouse tracking to show categorical decision making unfolding dynamically over time.
real-time cognition is best described as a continuously changing pattern of neural activity

these exp allow you to see mental activity between 2 discrete thoughts. carrot-carriage.

Question 19

How does Leonardo the Robot work?

Answer 19

object appraisal mechanism, evokes an emotion from an object of reference. Attention system looks at human response (voical and visual) to adapt emotion, and response is recorded in LTM

Question 20

What is the strongest criticism of the classical view of cognition?

Answer 20

does not account for how symbols are learnt. we are not born with knowledge of objects. So thinking must be grounded in bodily/social interactions. i feel therefore i think.

Question 21

explain the hierarchy of mental representations.

Answer 21

• become increasingly distant from enviro stimuli they represent
• symbolic representations are grounded in sensory, perceptual and emotional interactions in the world.
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