export_upper respiratory viruses i

Question 1

Symptoms of the common cold

Answer 1

Rhinitis

Pharyngitis

Question 2

Which symptoms are not found in the common cold?

Answer 2

No high fever, LRT involvement, or respiratory distress

Question 3

When do colds occur most frequently?

Answer 3

Spring and fall

More common in children than adults

Question 4

Complications of common cold

Answer 4

Otitis media
Sinus infections

Exacerbation of asthma

Question 5

Which common cold virus exacerbates asthma the most?

Answer 5

Rhinovirus C

Question 6

Which viruses cause the common cold (most to least frequent)?

Answer 6

Rhinovirus
Other known viruses

Coronavirus

Question 7

Rhinovirus family and characteristics

Answer 7

Picornavirus
+ssRNA

Non-enveloped

Question 8

Viral species of rhinovirus

Answer 8

A, B, and C

Over 100 different serotypes

Question 9

Clinical implications of rhinovirus

Answer 9

Shed in respiratory secretions, transmission via direct contact with these secretions

Question 10

Incubation period of rhinovirus

Answer 10

1-3 days

Question 11

Treatment for rhinoviruses

Answer 11

Alleviation of symptoms
Antihistamines and decongestants

Antibiotics ONLY with bacterial superinfections

Question 12

Prevention of rhinoviruses

Answer 12

Hand washing and cough/sneeze into elbow

Due to high number of serotypes, no vaccine is available

Question 13

Non-SARS coronavirus characteristics

Answer 13

Enveloped

+ssRNA

Question 14

Clinical implications of non-SARS coronaviruses

Answer 14

Replicate in epithelial cells
Transmission through large droplets

Optimal temperature is cooler than body temp

Question 15

Incubation period for non-SARS coronaviruses

Answer 15

~3 days

Question 16

Outbreaks of coronaviruses

Answer 16

Spring and winter months

Question 17

Who is most likely to get a non-SARS cornavirus infection?

Answer 17

Infants and children

Question 18

Non-SARS coronavirus treatment and prevention

Answer 18

Alleviate symptoms

No vaccine

Question 19

Adenovirus characteristics

Answer 19

Non-enveloped

dsDNA

Question 20

Adenovirus fiber proteins

Answer 20

Protrude from icosahedral capsid, used for attachment and are toxic

Question 21

Clinical implications of adenoviruses

Answer 21

Transmission from oral, droplet inhalation, or conjunctiva

Replication in respiratory epithelia

May enter lymphoid tissue, and shedding can occur for up to 18 months

No seasonal pattern

Question 22

Adenovirus variation

Answer 22

Over 50 serotypes

Types 1, 2, and 5 most common for respiratory disease

Question 23

Other infections caused by adenoviruses

Answer 23

Pharygoconjunctival fever
Croup

Bronchiolitis

Pneumonia

Types 40 and 41 associated with GI disease

Question 24

Treatment for adenoviruses

Answer 24

Reducing symptoms

Question 25

Prevention of adenoviruses

Answer 25

Immunity long-lived and serotype specific | Live, oral vaccine for types 4 and 7 to military recruits

Question 26

Coxsackieviruses virus family and characteristics

Answer 26

Enterovirus subfamily of picornaviruses Non-enveloped +ssRNA

Question 27

Coxsackieviruses replication

Answer 27

Fast, in the cytoplasm

Question 28

Clinical implications of coxsackieviruses

Answer 28

Transmitted through fecal-oral route

Question 29

Herpangina

Answer 29

Caused by coxsackievirus Abrupt fever, vesicles on soft palate Most common in children (1-7)

Question 30

Hand-Foot-Mouth disease

Answer 30

Caused by coxsackievirus Fever, vesicular lesions on hands, feet, and oral cavity Most frequent in children

Question 31

Other common cold viruses

Answer 31

``` Influenza viruses (particularly B and C) Respiratory syncytial virus ``` Parainfluenza virus

Question 32

Croup presentation

Answer 32

Laryngotracheobronchitis | Swelling of the subglottic region of the larynx

Question 33

Croup symptoms

Answer 33

Fever Distinct, brassy cough (seal's bark) Inspiratory stridor Narrowing of air shadow of trachea - "steeple sign"

Question 34

Prodromes for cough

Answer 34

Nasal discharge Mild cough Pharyngitis

Question 35

Incidence of croup

Answer 35

Highest in children less than 6 years

Question 36

Complications of croup

Answer 36

Hypoxia

Question 37

Croup treatment

Answer 37

Alleviate symptoms

Question 38

How do you treat croup if there is NO stridor at rest?

Answer 38

Humified air | Hydration

Question 39

How do you treat croup if there IS stridor at rest?

Answer 39

Oxygen Epinephrine Glucocorticoids

Question 40

Croup etiology

Answer 40

``` Parainfluenza virus (type 1 most common, but 2 and 3 can too) Respiratory syncytial and measles viruses ```

Question 41

Parainfluenza virus family and characteristics

Answer 41

Paramyxovirus Helical nucleocapsid Envelope (with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) -ssRNA (RNA synthesis in cytoplasm)

Question 42

Clinical implications of parainfluenza viruses

Answer 42

Transmission via large droplets and direct contact | Replicate in ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract

Question 43

Incubation period of parainfluenza virus

Answer 43

2-10 days

Question 44

Influenza symptoms

Answer 44

Myalgia Headache Fever/chills Cough, peak on days 3 and 5 Fatigue and generalized weakness

Question 45

Incidence of influenza

Answer 45

Infections peak during winter months

Question 46

Incubation period for influenza

Answer 46

2 days

Question 47

People with increased risk of complications from influenza?

Answer 47

Children under 2 years Adults over 65 years Pregnant women and up to 2 weeks postpartum

Question 48

Pneumonia

Answer 48

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma, resulting in abnormal gas exchange

Question 49

Symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 49

Fever Chills Cough Pleural chest pain Increased respiratory rate Wheezes and crackles Hypoxia and cyanosis

Question 50

Primary influenza virus pneumonia cause

Answer 50

Usually influenza A

Question 51

Primary influenza virus pneumonia symptoms

Answer 51

1-4 days after influenza symptoms Increased cough, respiratory distress, etc. Sputum gram stain - abundant PMN, but not significant bacteria

Question 52

Bacterial influenza-associated pneumonia onset and symptoms

Answer 52

Usually one week after influenza symptoms | Increased cough, return of fever, respiratory distress

Question 53

Bacterial influenza-associated pneumonia etiology

Answer 53

S. pneumoniae S. aureus and H. influenzae N. meningitidis, other streptococcus, and Gram negative bacillus