Extent of detente up to 1979 Flashcards
(16 cards)
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
- Started to begin in 1960s but Soviet intervention into Czechoslovakia stalled proceedings
- Reached some agreement by May 1972
- SALT produced no more than an arms limitation agreement and foundation that made detente possible
SALT I
- 26 May 1972
- Anti ballistic treaty limited both Soviet Union and USA to constructing two fields of ABMs with no more than 100 missiles
- Other to protect ICBMs
The interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,
26 Mag 1972
- 1054 ICBMS for USA, 1618 for USSR
- 656 SLBM for USA, 740 for USSR
- 450 strategic bombers for USA, 140 for USSR
Moscow Summit May 1972
- 12 principle agrees but three most fundamental were:
-First basic principle will proceed from common determination where committed to develop normal relations- Focused on determination to avoid situations developing that could damage their commitment to peaceful coexistence
- Acceptance of ‘special responsibility’ to do everything in which will prevent conflicts and situations
Vladivostok Summit November 1974
- Visit to Moscow by Gerald Ford and Kissinger and talked to Brezhnev about MIRVs
- Reached a framework of a ten year plan seen as a move to SALT II Treaty
- Soviets agreed equal levels of ICBMs and SLBMs
- But showed not a smooth move to SALT II
- Kissinger faced opposition on his return
- A SALT agreement in 1976 would not be agreed
- January 1977 Jimmy Carter took over and began preparing for SALT II
Details of the New Agreement
- Reducing strategic systems from 2400 to 1900
- Reducing launchers for missile with MIRVs from 1300-1100
- Reducing modern ICBMs to 150
- a ban on development of new ICBMS
Vienna Summit June 1979
- Agreement for SLAT II was announced 9 May 1979 and it was finalised at the Vienna Summit June 1979
Ostpolitik and development of European Detente
- Ostpolitik used to define new approach to European East-West relations
- Willy Brandt chancellor of West Germany in October 1969 and abandoned the Hallstein Doctrine overall objectives to recognise the East Germany
- August 1970 Non aggression pact signed between Brandt and USSR
- 7 December 1970 WG signed treaty with Poland to recognise post war Oder-Neisse border
- May 1971 leader of East Germany replaced by Erich Honecker
- December 1972 two Germanies formally recognised each other
The Basic Treaty
- The traety was to normalise relations between two Germanies
- Signed 21 December 1972 East Berlin
- Also lead to other European nations establishing relations with the GDR
- By September 1972 FGR and GDR members of UN
Helsinki Accords
- European detente reached high when European security conference of all major East and West European countries and USA attended Helsinki in 1975
- Main parts of the agreements were put into baskets
Basket 1 Security in Europe
- Respect for sovereignty and equality
- Rejection of threat or use of force
- peaceful settlements of disputes
- Recognition of existing frontiers
- Territorial integrity
Basket ll: Cooperation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology
and other Environment
This addressed trade and industrial cooperation, transportation, science
and technology, the promotion of tourism, the environment, and issues
concerning migrant labour.
Basket lll: Cooperation in Humanitarian and Other Fields
This focused on cultural and educational exchange and the wider issue
of contacts among peoples. It sought to encourage the freer movement of
people, information and ideas.
The Helsinki Final Act was not seen as the last step in European detente.
Plans were laid to have follow-up meetings and the first was planned to take place in Belgrade in late 1977.
Soviet Position
Three main interests in CSCE
- Expand Ostpolitik and develop wider acceptance
- Decrease barriers between states in order to increase economic activity
- Further process of East-West detente
American Position
- USA not fully committed to accepting political status of Eastern Europe
- Helsinki final act meant accepting a divided Germany and an Eastern Europe sub servant to Soviet Union
Relations with China
- Mao priorities start of 1970s was economic development and closer links with the USA
- Mao’s successor 1976 was Den Xiaoping
- Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 had bought Sino-US confrontation to an end but an obsticle between the two was Taiwan
- December 1978 made agreement on Taiwan
- Formal relations would take effect from 1 January 1979
