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Neuroanatomy > External Anatomy > Flashcards

External Anatomy Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Assuming a single lesion, what do symptoms (facial weakness) in the head rule out? rule in? (options: peripheral, spinal cord, brain)

A

Spinal cord. Moves diagnosis to pons

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2
Q

Assuming a single lesion, increased tone pathology usually rules out? (options: peripheral, spinal cord, brain)

A

Strictly peripheral

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3
Q

If in the brain, assuming a single lesion, which direction do you shift diagnosis to accommodate additional reported symptoms?

A

rostrally not caudally

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4
Q

Symptoms: sudden

Choose 1 Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Stroke except if caused by obvious trauma

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5
Q

Two types of Stroke include:

A

hemorrhagic and ischemic

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6
Q

Symptoms: progress gradually, unilateral

Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Tumor

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7
Q

Symptoms: accompanied by increased cranial pressure

Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Tumor or large hemorrhagic stroke

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8
Q

Symptoms: develop gradually and bilateral, no increased intracranial pressure
Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Disease

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9
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the spinal cord. What is the exception?

A

Sensory and motor symptoms are on the same side of the lesion. Exception: loss of pain and temperature

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10
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the brain stem. What is the exception?

A

lesion is on the same side as the highest symptom and on opposite side as lower symptoms. No other exceptions.

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11
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the forebrain. What is the exception?

A

all sensory and motor symptoms are on the opposite side of the body. Olfactory loss is the exception

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12
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the cerebellum (or its input or output tracts). What is the exception?

A

all symptoms are on the same side of the lesion. no exceptions

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13
Q

Somatosensory words include _________ and can be reduced into one symptom

A 
loss of pain
position sense
temperature
joint sense
one symptom: sensory loss of the "fill in with region of body" (because somewhere along ascending sensory pathways have been cut)
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14
Q

3 Motor symptoms diagnosis and associated anatomy:

A

Failure to Move (descending motor pathways)
Tremor/In-coordination (cerebellum)
Involuntary Movement (Basal Ganglia)

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15
Q

Descending Motor Pathways

A

Motor Cortex, Internal Capsule, Descending Motor tracts

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16
Q

Failure to Move Symptoms include…

A

Paralysis, Paresis, Weakness, Hypertonus, Spastic, Flaccid

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17
Q

What is the function of the largest component of our brain (85%)?

A

sensory, motor, and “cognitive” process

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18
Q

What is neocortex?

A

the composition of most of the cerebral cortex that is organized in 6 layers or laminae that are numbered from the surface of the brain to the deep white matter

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19
Q

How are connections of groups of neurons bet. laminae organized? its effect?

A

vertical or columnar fashion so that cells with similar function tend to span all cortical layers within the columns

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20
Q

What gyrus makes up the somatosensory cortex?

A

post-central

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21
Q

Occipital lobe Functions

A

visual system

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22
Q

Area V1 or area 17 is..

A

Visual area first comes to V1 aka Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe that includes a portion of the lingual and cuneate gyri and within the deep folds of the calcarine sulcus (medial)

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23
Q

Scotomas result from damage of what lobe?

Study These Flashcards
A

Occipital lobe damage causes blind spots “scotomas” in 1/2 of the visual field contralateral to lesion

24
Q

Each half of visual cortex is interconnected with the other side via…

Study These Flashcards
A

Splenium of the corpus callosum

25
Postcentral gyrus is also known as? and is analagous to what area?
SI or Brodmann's areas 3,1,2.....V1
26
Somatosensory deficits to SI, occur on same or opposite side of body?`
opposite
27
Apraxia is caused by what lesion?
Apraxia- the inability to bring the limb under sensory or cognitive control is caused by lesion to the superior parietal lobe, the region associated with guiding movement
28
Wernicke's area receives visual information related to reading from what gyrus?
Angular
29
Inferior parietal lobule is associated with what functions?
Cognitive functions. The dominant hemisphere concerned with language.
30
Pathology of the right hemisphere of the inferior parietal lobule leads to what problems??
spatial disabilities
31
The parietal lobe and posterior parts of the frontal lobe are interconnected by
the body of the corpus callosum
32
What gyri is the primary sensory cortex for audition?
Heschl's gyrus/gyri (Transverse Temporal Gyrii, Brodmann's areas 41 and 42)
33
Superior temporal gyrus is associated with what function? it is a part of what area?
audition . the posterior portion and superior surface lying within the lateral sulcus is the planum temporale part of Wernicke's
34
The fusiform Gyri are important for what function?
Visual Memory and Perception
35
What are the three components of the fusiform gyri?>
Middle , inferior, and occipito-temproal gyri
36
Prosopagnosia is caused by what lesion?
Prosopagnosia is the inability to identify or recognize faces- caused by bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal lobe, the fusiform gyri
37
Amnesia is caused by what bilateral damage?
Parahippocampal gyrus and uncus because the medial surface of the temporal lobe is associated with memory
38
What does the anterior commissure connect?
anterior parts of the temporal lobes nad olfactory lobes
39
What regions receive terminations of the olfactory tract?
Uncus Anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus Subcallosal gyrus
40
What gyrus is called the primary motor cortex? It is aka?
Precentral gyrus; Area 4 of Bromann- a major source of axons that extend ot the spinal cord for voluntary movement
41
Paresis and movement deficits occur on the opposite side of the body to what area damaged?
Precentral gyrus
42
Premotor or Secondary motor areas that contirbute to eye movements (frontal eye fields) are attributed to what gyri?
Superior and middle frontal gyri
43
damage to Secondary motor areas can lead to what pathology?
apraxia
44
Prefrontal cortex - rostral portions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal is associated with what function?
planning and sequencing of complex tasks. It also contributes to making up a person's personality.
45
Compulsive, repetitive, behaviors, and personality changes indicate damage to what area?
Prefrontal cortex
46
The genu of the corpus callosum connects what lobes?
frontal
47
Where does information about the speech enter and spread?
Enters to the temporal cortex in Heschl's gyurus and spreads to Wernicke's area
48
Wernicke's area consists of
posterior portions of the superior temporal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus
49
where are the commands for speech organized?
Frontal Lobe Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus. Language information is also relayed to this part.
50
Inability to understand language and speak coherently is known as
Wernicke's Apahasia (receptive or sensory aphasia)
51
Impaired ability to generate speech (or writing) is known as
Broca's aphasia (expressive or motor aphasia)
52
Brodmann's areas 41 and 42
Heschl's gyrus, gyri Transverse temporal gyri
53
Primary sensory cortex for audition
Heschl's gyri
54
commands for speech are organized after receiving information from angular gyrus here
Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe
55
Speech information ennters the temoral cortex in Heschl's gyrus and preads to...
Wernicke's area (including superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus)
56
Sulcus is also known as
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Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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