Internal Anatomy

Question 1

Where do controlling signals ariving from motor and visceral systems come from?

Answer 1

Forebrain

Question 2

Cognitive deficits signal what pathology?

Answer 2

Cortical

Question 3

Which are the three subcortical nuclei?

Answer 3

Basal Ganglia (including substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus) and Globus Pallidus: (Caudate putamen- striatum )

Question 4

Diseases of the Basal ganglia

Answer 4

Akinesia (difficulty in initaiting movement)
Rigidity: (abnormalities of muscle tone)
Tremor/Chorea/Ballism (involuntary muscle movements)
Some Cognitive Functions

Question 5

Subcortical nucleus involved in controlling emotional behavior

Answer 5

Amygdala of Limbic System

Question 6

Limbic System

Answer 6

Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Medial and Orbital prefrontal gyri of cerebral cortex
Ventral Basal Ganglia
Hippocampus (not diretly involved in emotion)
Thalamus parts

Question 7

Portions of the limbic system interact with what areas of brainstem and brain?

Answer 7

Autonomic and Hypothalamus

Question 8

The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

Answer 8

frontal

Question 9

The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

Answer 9

occipital

Question 10

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

Answer 10

temporal

Question 11

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third?

Answer 11

Foramen of Monro aka interventricular foramen

Question 12

3rd ventricle to 4th via?

Answer 12

cerebral aqueduct

Question 13

What is the ventricular roof?

Answer 13

the dorssal surfcace of th elateral ventricles wehre the fibers of the corpus callosum form the roof

Question 14

the head of the caudate nucleus is associated with what?

Answer 14

the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 15

hippocampus is associated with what surface of the ventricur system?

Answer 15

ventral medial surface of the inferior horn is produced by…

Question 16

The hole piercing the third ventricle is made by

Answer 16

the Mass Intermedia aka Thalamic Adhesion which extends to the bottom of the brain where it is surrounded by the hypothalamus

Question 17

What portion of the lateral horn is associated with the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 17

Medial surface of thePosterior horn

Question 18

Wwhat is the anatomical relation between the tectum and the tegmentum?

Answer 18

Tectum is dorsal to the aqueduct and the tegmentum lies below it

Question 19

What is the roof of the fourth ventricle?

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle formed by?

Answer 20

continuation of the tegmentum into the pons region

Question 21

What does the BBB protect the CNS from, maintaining a stable environment for neurons to funciton effectively?

Answer 21

• severe fluctuations in ionic concentrations
• exlude toxic compuounds
• protect from circulating hormones and neurotransmitters released in other parts of body

Question 22

BBB capillary endothelium is specialized by having:

Answer 22

• tight junctions beetween capillary endothlial cells
• few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport
• high mitochondria number indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism

Question 23

How is selective entry into brain achieved?

Answer 23

• diffusion of lipid-soluble substances related generally to oil/water partition coefficient (ex. O2 and CO2 gases)
• Facilitative and E-dependent transport of specific water soluble substances (ex. glucose and aa)
• Ion channels

Question 24

What is the reverse pump?

Answer 24

intracellular transporters within astroglia (capillary encasing processes)that move lipophilic molecules from brain into blood (ex. gly, glu- preventing accumulation of the neurotransmitters in brain)

Question 25

How are Myelin-reacctibe lymphocytes of MS and HIV infected macrophage migrate across BBB?

Answer 25

Tight junctions

Question 26

What areas of brain don'et have BBB?

Answer 26

Those part of circutiry for regulating flux (ex. postrema of 4th ventricle -detects poiosions and initiate vomiting reflex)

Question 27

What can break down BBB>

Answer 27

Bacterial invasion, Tumor, Ischemia (most common)

Question 28

How does ischemia break down BBB?

Answer 28

damages Na and K pumps leading to ionic influx causing the cell to fill with water- edema- and increased intracranial pressure; untreated ultimate coma and death

Question 29

What fluids in brain provide homeostasis?

Answer 29

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and brain extracellular fluid in steady state

Question 30

What does CSF do for brain?

Answer 30

- provide bouyancy - mechanical cushion role - drain unwanted substances from the brain= lymphatic system

Question 31

What is total volume of CSF? rate of formation?

Answer 31

140 ml and 500ml per day (3 or 4 X/day turnover)

Question 32

Role of the choroid plexus...

Answer 32

to secrete CSF

Question 33

What epithelium surrounds choroid plexus? its function?

Answer 33

cuboidal or columnar (epithelial cells from a barrier responsible for carrier-mediated active transport allowing CSF producton and active transport of metabolites out of the CNS into blood)

Question 34

CSF color

Answer 34

clear with no RBCs and few WBCs if any

Question 35

Where is choroid plexus found?

Answer 35

Floor of the inferior horn and body of the lateral ventricle Roof of third ventricle inferior part of the roof of fourth ventricle

Question 36

how does CSF exit?

Answer 36

the fourth ventricle via Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Luschka

Question 37

Where is the weidest extent of Foramina of Luschka?

Answer 37

cranial nerve 8 lies, adjacent to flocculus

Question 38

After Foramen of Luschka, CSF flows over the whole brain and SC and is absorbed where

Answer 38

subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi in the walls of the dural sinuses where it is absorbeed

Question 39

Obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus occurs most frequently here

Answer 39

where the ventiruclar system narrows: interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct, or outlet of 4th ventricle

Question 40

No blockage of ventricular flow indicates what type of hydrocephalus?

Answer 40

Communicating- arachnoid villie are diseased and asoprtion fails