EXTERNAL Class Differences Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the 3 main external factors effecting class achievement levels
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Cultural capital
Hubbs-Tait at al (2002)
Parents language challenge children = improves cognitive performance
Feinstein (2008)
Agrees with hubbs
Educated parents more likely to use language in that way
Bernstein
Restricted speech code -
Limited vocabulary; short, unfinished, simple sentences. W/c
Elaborated speech code -
m/c. Wide vocabulary; long, complex sentences
Douglas (1964)
W/c parents put less value on education = less ambition = less encouragement = less interest in education, visits school less = lower levels of motivation and achievement
Feinstein (2008)
M/c parents are more educated, helps children when being socialised - get exposed to it at a younger age
Bernstein and Young (1967)
M/c mother more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities = encouragement and simulate development
W/c lack resources = find it harder
Sugarman (1970)
4 features that barrier educational achievement
- fatalism: belief in fate, nothing to change the status.
- collectivism: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.
- Immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than rewards for the future.
- present-time orientation: seeing the present as more important than the future, no long-term goals.
Criticism for cultural deprivation:
Keddie
Keddie (1973)
CD as a ‘myth’
Sees it as victim blaming.
A child can not be deprived from its own culture
Criticism of CD:
Troyna & williams
Not the problem of the children’s language but the schools attitude towards it - ‘speech hierarchy’
Howard (2001)
W/c lower intake of energy, vitamins & minerals = weak immune system, lower energy levels = absences from school, difficulties concentration
Tanner et al (2003)
Cost of vital items (transport, uniform, books, computers, calculators, sport, music…) caused a heavy burden on poor families
Callender and Jackson (2005)
W/c students more debt averse.
Less likely to go to university as a result of debt
Who states the 3 types of capital?
Bourdieu
Bourdieu (1984)
Uses the concept of ‘capital’ to explain why middle class are more successful.
Cultural capital - refers to knowledge, attitude, values, language, tastes and abilities of the m/c (advantage to them: better at understanding = success).
Educational - m/c better equipped to meet curriculum & qualification.
Economic capital -
Criticism for Bernstein’s speech codes
W/c not culturally deprived but school fails to teach them elaborated code
What does Tanner et al say?
Cost of school items put a heavy burden on poor families = hand-me-downs (unfashionable = feel isolated & bullies)
What schemes are in Compensory Education? (Criticism of CD)
EMA (education maintenance allowance) Operation head start Sure start centres Free school meals Pupil premium
Problems with compensatory education
Funding from gov (will get cut easily) Social sigma (parents don’t like stating their low pay) Controlling spending (hard at understanding what everyone going to spend on their money)
What does Bull say?
The ‘Cost of free schooling’
Links with tanner et al