External: Class differences in achievement

Question 1

Bernstein

Answer 1

• The restricted code= w/c (simplistic language, gestures, limited vocabulary).
• The elaborate code= m/c (complex sentences, analytic, wide vocabulary).

Question 2

Douglas

Answer 2

Parents’ low value on education= less support is given to w/c kids.

Question 3

Feinstein

Answer 3

The way the m/c have an advantage over the w/c:

1. Parenting style:
   - higher expectations
   - active learning and exploration
2. Parents’ educational behaviours:
   - m/c parents understand the importance of education

Question 4

Bernstein and Young

Answer 4

M/c parents income:
-Use of income:
= M/c mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that development

Question 5

Keddie

Answer 5

The myth of cultural deprivation:
=A home background that is considered ‘culturally deprived’ is not deprived, but culturally different to the m/c dominated education system.

Question 6

Howard

Answer 6

Diet:
People from poorer (w/c) backgrounds have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals= poor immune system + lower energy levels for learning and concentration

Question 7

Tanner et al

Answer 7

The cost of education is a heavy burden on poor families:

• transport
• uniforms
• books
• transport
• computers
• calculators

Question 8

Callender and Jackson

Answer 8

W/c kids are debt averse meaning they are more likely to see university as more of a cost rather than as a benefit.

Question 9

Bourdieu

Answer 9

Cultural capital
= The education system is dominated by m/c values, attitudes, knowledge, language, tastes and abilities- therefore benefiting the m/c.

Question 10

Bordieu

Answer 10

Economic capital

= Wealthier parents using their income to pay for extra tuition and private school for their kids to be sent to.

Question 11

Sugarman

Answer 11

4 barriers the w/c subculture has to educational achievement:
1. Fatalism:
=A belief in fate- there is nothing you can do to change your status.
2. Collectivism:
=Valuing a position in a group rather than as an individual.
3. immediate gratification:
=Seeking pleasure now and making no sacrifices for the future.
4. Present-time orientation:
=Seeing the present as more important than the future.