External Factors - Cultural Deprivation (Sugarman and Bernstein)

Question 1

Parenting style of mc

Answer 1

-Consistent discipline
-High expectations
-Encourage active learning

Question 2

Income spent on education for mc parents

Answer 2

-Spend their income in ways that promote their children’s educational success
-More likely to buy educational toys

Question 3

Behaviours of mc parents

Answer 3

-Educated parents more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s educational progress
-Reading with children
-Helping with homework

Question 4

Children of better educated parents

Answer 4

They tend to have children who are more successful at school

Question 5

What is a subculture?

Answer 5

A group whose attitudes and values differ from those of the mainstream culture

Question 6

According to cultural deprivation theorists, why do some working class children fail at school?

Answer 6

Because large sections of the working class have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society

Question 7

What does Barry Sugarman (1970) argue about W/C subculture?

Answer 7

Working-class subculture has four key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement

Question 8

Working class belief in fatalism

Answer 8

Belief in fate (what will be, will be) and there is nothing you can do to change your status

Question 9

Middle class belief in fatalism

Answer 9

Emphasises that you can change your position through your own efforts

Question 10

Working class belief in collectivism

Answer 10

Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

Question 11

Middle class belief in collectivism

Answer 11

An individual should not be held back by group loyalties

Question 12

Working class belief in immediate gratification

Answer 12

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get a reward

Question 13

Middle class belief in immediate gratification

Answer 13

Values emphasis deferred gratification - making sacrifices now for greater rewards later

Question 14

Working class belief in present-time orientation

Answer 14

Seeing the present as more important than the future - not having long-term goals

Question 15

Middle class belief in future-time orientation

Answer 15

Sees planning for the future as important

Question 16

What are external factors?

Answer 16

Factors outside the education system, such as the influence of home and family background on wider society

Question 17

What do cultural deprivation theories suggest?

Answer 17

That the wc lack the necessary economic capital and views, attitudes and support that are needed to succeed in education

Question 18

Why does the wc lack the necessary economic capital for succeeding in education?

Answer 18

Because the mc are the dominant social group meaning they get to dictate what is needed for educational success

Question 19

According to Bernstein, what language codes do the wc use?

Answer 19

The restricted code

Question 20

According to Bernstein, what language codes do the mc use?

Answer 20

The elaborated code

Question 21

Qualities of the restricted code

Answer 21

-Limited vocabulary
-Short, grammatically simple sentences
-Predictable
-Descriptive
-Limited use of adjectives and adverbs

Question 22

Qualities of elaborated code

Answer 22

-Wide vocabulary range
-Grammatically complex
-Fully elaborative
-Abstract
-Universal
-Explanations

Question 23

What does formal education being carried out in elaborated code result in?

Answer 23

Those who use the restricted code being at a disadvantage

Question 24

What is the elaborated code the language of?

Answer 24

Exams, teachers and textbooks

Question 25

What did Bernstein believe that the elaborated code allowed individuals to do?

Answer 25

To deal with higher level concepts, developing arguments and making generalisations

Question 26

Evaluation of language codes

Answer 26

-Victim-blaming exercise -Schools able to accommodate all language codes -Children can switch between both codes when necessary

Question 27

Through the socialisation process, what do wc children internalise? What does this result in?

Answer 27

The beliefs and values of their subculture which results in them underachieving at school

Question 28

What does Sugarman believe about the differences in values of both social classes?

Answer 28

These differences in values exist from the fact that mc jobs are secure careers offering prospects for continual individual advancement

Question 29

What do compensatory education programmes aim to tackle?

Answer 29

Problems of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas

Question 30

What is Operation Head Start?

Answer 30

A multi-billion dollar scheme of pre-school education in poorer areas which aim was ‘planned enrichment’ of the deprived child’s environment

Question 31

What were sugarman’s four key features that act as a barrier to educational success?

Answer 31

Fatalism Collectivism Immediate gratification Present-time orientation