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BIO > external respiration > Flashcards

external respiration Flashcards

1
Q

differentiate between external and internal composition of nose

A

ex :
- bone (ethmoid)
- cartilage (hyaline)
- tissue (fibro fatty)
internal :
- hair (filtration)
- ciliated mucous membrane (secrete sticky mucous for moisturizing air, which the air in turn travels through pharynx)
- blood capillaries (warms & maintains the air to 30C)

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2
Q

describe the parts and location of the pharynx and lenght

A
  • starts below the skull and ends at 6 cervical vertebrae
    1.nasopharynx : starts from below the skull and ends at soft palate
    2. oropharynx : involved in involuntary and voluntary swallowing
    3. laryngopharynx : starts at hyoid and ends and cricoid cartilage (ring) involved in swallowing, air movement and voice production
    4.5 inches
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3
Q

describe function and composition of lyranx

A
  • also known as voice-box and glottis
    -contains vocal cords - pair of ligaments. main comp is mucus membrane
  • pitch and volume of the sound depends on tension on vocal cord and amount of air entering vc
  • The opening of the larynx is epiglottis
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4
Q

differentiate bw the vocal cords of female and male

A

fe : smaller vc, higher pitch
male : large vc, smaller pitch

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5
Q

location, length, diameter, composition, shape, and function of trachea

A
  • cricoid to carina cartilage
  • 11 cm
  • 2-2.5 cm (diameter)
  • cartilage (horse shoe shape 10-20 in no.) , ciliated mucus membrane
  • flat posterior, hollow and cylindrical
  • conduction of air, moistens air, filtration (less than nose), warming of air
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6
Q

describe bronchi

A

right : large diameter
left : small diameter
- composition is the same as trachea but contains cartilage plates instead of rings

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7
Q

describe bronchioles

A
  • 1mm of less thickness
  • ciliated cuboidal epithelium
  • no cartilage
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8
Q

describe the gas exchange surface (alveoli)

A
  • wall is 0.1 micrometer
  • there is good supply of blood capillaries on the outside
  • lined by moist squamous epithelium
  • composed of collagen and elastic fibers(expand and recoil)
    70-90 m2 surface area
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9
Q

describe the anatomy of the gas exchange organ : lung

A

right : 56%
- divided into 3 lobes (inferior, middle, superior)
whereas left if 44%
and only divided into 2 lobes, inferior and superior

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10
Q

why is a pair of lungs present in different percentages

A

because of asymmetrical position of the heart

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11
Q

which membrane lines the lungs

A

a double membrane called pleura
- it protects(along w ribs), stops leakage of air, and reduces friction

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12
Q

where are the lungs located?

A

in the thoracic cavity
starts from above the first ring and ends on abdomen

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13
Q

which cavity is located between the right and left plural cavity? and what’s inside it

A

mediastinum cavity
the heart

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14
Q

what is the total lungs volume/capacity

A

5 liters (5000 ml)

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15
Q

define tidal volume

A

amount of air exchange during one normal breath
500 ml

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16
Q

define residual volume

A

amount or air remaining in lungs after expiration
1500 ml

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17
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort (forceful inhalation) after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration. (tidal)
3000 ml

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18
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

It is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled (forceful exhalation) out after a normal exhalation (tidal)
1200 ml

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19
Q

medulla oblongata communicates w intercostal muscle thru ….. in the control of breathing

A

inter-coastal nerves

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20
Q

medulla oblongata control the process of respiration in diaphragm by … nerves

A

phrenic nerve

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21
Q

where is the inter coastal muscle loacted

A

bw the ribs

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22
Q

what controls the rhythm of breathing

A

pons

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23
Q

what happens when there is a 20% decrease in O2

A

rate of breathing doubles

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24
Q

what happens when there is a 40% decrease in O2 on rate of breathing

A

4 times increases increases

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25
Q

when is sternum in it’s original position?

A

during exhalation when the chest is contracted

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26
Q

what is the position of the sternum during inhalation

A

away from from vertebral column
- chest expands

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27
Q

why does the diaphragm relax when the chest contracts during exhalation

A

pressure around lungs is high, and thus air leaves/is out
vice versa for inhalation
as pressure is low so pleura/chest expands and there is space around lungs so air enters

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28
Q

describe the role of inspiratory center in inhalation and exhalation

A

inhale : directly
exhale : indirectly

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29
Q

what percentage of blood travels in the form of oxyhb vs plasma

A

plasma : 3%
oxyhb: 97%

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30
Q

how much oxygen travels in the form of oxyhb vs in plasma

A

oxyHb : 97%
plasma : 3%

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31
Q

how much oxygen travels in the form of oxyhb vs in plasma

A

oxyHb : 97%
plasma : 3%

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32
Q

which enzyme is used in the reversible reaction bw oxygen and Hb

A

carbonic anhydrase

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33
Q

how much oxygen is in 100 ml blood in standard pressure in arteries

A

19.4 ml in 97% saturation

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34
Q

how much O2 is in 100 ml of venous blood and why

A

14,4 ml
( 5 ml O2 is exchanged in capillaries to be used in respiration
in plasma it will be 0.12 ml

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35
Q

during exercise how much oxygen is exchanged in 100 ml of blood in capillaries

A

15 ml, thus 4.4 ml of oxygenated blood is left in the veins

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36
Q

how many grams of Hb are in 100 ml of blood

A

15 grams

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37
Q

how much O2 is in 1 gm of Hb

A

1.34 ml

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38
Q

what does the attachment/ detachment of O2 depend on

A

pH of blood
temperature
partial pressure of O2

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39
Q

how does partial pressure affect oxygen release into the tissue from the arteries

A
  • Muscles require more O2, so there is less partial pressure of O2 in tissue (20mmHg), more O2 will be released
  • adipose tissues have higher partial pressure (80 mmHg) so less O2 is released.
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40
Q

what happen’s in hamburger’s phenomena?

A

also known as chloride ion shift
Cl- moves into RBC whereas K+ moves outside of RBC into plasma through a protein

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41
Q

how is the 7.4 pH maintained into blood after the irreversible reaction of CO2 and water to form carbonic acid which is unstable and decomposes (producing H+ ions)

A

Na+ combines with bicarbonate ions to form sodium carbonate

42
Q

where is the partial pressure of CO2 higher and why

A

higher in tissues than blood as respiration occurs in tissues which produces CO2

43
Q

which part of Hb combines w CO2 VS O2

A

haem : O2
globin : CO2 (occurs when partial pressure of CO2 is higher in tissues than blood)

44
Q

where and why is Co2 disassociated from Hb in carboxyhb

A

when the partial pressure of Hb is higher in the blood than the tissue (alveoli)
A decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air

45
Q

what are the percentages of ways of CO2 transport

A

70% : bicarbonate ions
23 % : carboxyhemoglobin
7% : dissolved plasma

46
Q

what are the causes of sinusitis (inflammation of sinuses- small opening in facial region)

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viral
  3. allergies
  4. dry air
  5. hot air
  6. cold air
47
Q

what are the symptoms of sinusitis

A
  1. nasal obstruction
  2. puss like discharge
  3. loss of sense of smell
  4. facial pain (sinus pair in maxillary region)
  5. headache (frontal, above the eyes)
  6. fever
  7. nasal fluid can enter pharynx
48
Q

how can sinusitis be treated

A

depending on the cause :
1. antibiotic
2. anti viral
3. anti allergic
4. decongestant

49
Q

what are the causes of otitis media (inflammation of middle ear)

A
  1. infection (bacterial or viral)
  2. allergic
  3. blockage of Eustachian tube
  4. nutritional deficiency
    - common in children because of horizontal and narrow tube
50
Q

what are the symptoms of otitis media

A
  1. earache
  2. deafness
  3. Tinnitus
  4. irritability
  5. headache
  6. change in sleeping and appetite
  7. fever
  8. hearing and speaking deficiency
  9. fullness in ear
51
Q

which device is used to detect otitis media

A

otoscope or auriscope

52
Q

how can otitis media be treated?

A
  1. self treated in 3-4 days
  2. antibiotic
  3. painkillers
  4. surgically through a tube
53
Q

what are the causes of pneumonia (inflammation of alveolar walls- fluid in alveolar sac)

A
  1. bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia/pneumococcus or mycoplasma pneumonia) - enters through mouth
  2. viral
  3. dry/hot/cold air
54
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. rapid breathing
  2. rapid pulse
  3. dry cough
  4. muscle pain
  5. headache
  6. fever
    (if nausea vomiting, rash, loss of taste also present then caused by a virus/corona)
55
Q

treatment of pneumonia

A
  1. antibiotic
  2. rest
  3. drinking fluids
  4. antipyretic (to reduce fever)
56
Q

risk factors associated w pneumonia

A
  1. empyema (pus in pleural cavity)
  2. Hyponatremia (low sodium in blood)
  3. pleural effusion (fluid around lungs)
57
Q

prevention of tb

A
  1. BCG vaccine
  2. isolation of infected person as it’s contagious/ prevent overcrowding
  3. pasteurized milk!
58
Q

treatment of tb

A
  1. antibiotic ( isoniazid, rifampin)
  2. boiled milk/apples good diet
59
Q

symptoms of tb

A
  1. initially asymptomatic
  2. chronic cough
  3. sputum is rusty
  4. chest pain
  5. change in appetite
  6. weight loss
  7. night sweating
60
Q

cause of tb

A

bacterial infection in lungs(alveoli) by mycobacterium TB
is contagious
- macrophages present in alveoli do phagocytosis, unable to digest form a phagosome around bacteria where it replicates.

61
Q

cause of emphysema (shortness of breathing)

A

🚬 which damages bronchi/bronchiole and alveoli. Results from bronchial constriction —> loss of elasticity, so less oxygenated blood
2. air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
The permanent and irreversible destruction of alveoli

62
Q

symptoms of emphysema and treatment

A
  1. chronic coughing
  2. fatigue
  3. cyanosis (blue skin due to lack O2)
  4. shortness of breath
  5. Enlarged alveoli and fewer capillaries
    No cure for emphysema
    - bronchodilators can relax muscle around airways and open airways to make breathing easier
    - oxygen therapy
63
Q

which cancer is the most common and its causes

A

lung cancer
1. smoking
2. pollution
3. radiation
4. asbestos exposure (construction materials like cement)

64
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A
  1. chronic cough
  2. coughing blood
  3. shortness of breath
  4. insomnia
65
Q

treatment of lung cancer

A
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • surgery
66
Q

effect of smoking on lungs

A

irritation in trachea, windpipe, voice box
so effect on voice
reduced function of lungs:
- swelling of lungs, narrowing of airways, loss of elasticity
- shortness of breath difficulty in breathing, breathlessness
- permanently damages air sacs
- More than 10 compounds of tar of tobacco smoke are involved to cause cancer

67
Q

In man the O2 is liberated from hemoglobin when the pressure in ml of Hg in cells or tissues falls below

A

50 because
O2 is liberated from Hb at rest condition at 40mm of Hg while at exercise condition O2 liberated from Hg at 18mm of Hg

68
Q

Which part of the air passage way possesses cartilage plates in its walls?

A

proximal region of bronchi
Distal end is close to bronchiole, so without cartilage plates.

69
Q

In plasma 100ml of venous blood will have oxygen:

A

100ml of venous blood plasma has 0.12ml of dissolved O2 at 40mm of Hg.

70
Q

what is the chest cavity/thoracic composed of

A

intercoastal muscles and ribs

71
Q

The venous blood that leaves an active tissue has only oxygen:

A

4.4 ml
Arterial Blood – Venous Blood
19.4ml O2 – 15ml O2 = 4.4ml O2

72
Q

In plasma 100ml of arterial blood will have oxygen:

A

0.29 ml O2
100ml of arterial blood plasma carries 0.29ml O2 at 95mm of Hg.

73
Q

If air is introduced in the pleural cavity, the lung collapses, a situation known as:

A

Pneumothorax

74
Q

Our normal oxygen intake per minute amounts to

A

250 ml
5000 × (5%) ÷ 100 = 250 → 5L air has 5% O2 intake

75
Q

Rate of oxygen consumption is estimated by using:

A

Spirometer

76
Q

The size of thorax as a whole after relaxation of diaphragm

A

decreases

77
Q

The respiratory pigment in mollusks is

A

Hemocyanin

78
Q

the resp pigment in marine animals

A

Haemoerythrin

79
Q

resp pigm in annelids

A

chlorocruorin

80
Q

The breathing centre; ventral portion controls inspiration while expiration will be control by

A

Dorsal and lateral portion

81
Q

Break down of alveoli causes

A

emphysema
Emphysema causes bronchi to be damaged and narrowed and destroy wall of alveoli resulting in loss of surface area available for the exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide during breathing.

82
Q

During exercise 100 ml of venous blood contains _____ ml of O2

A

15

83
Q

what colors do respiratory pigments have when deoxygenated

A

Hemoglobin = Dark red
Hemocyanin = Colourless
Chlorocruorin = Colourless

84
Q

no. of amino acids in each polypeptide chain of hb

A

Hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains
* α chain → 141 amino acids
* β chain → 146 amino acids

85
Q

Special bicarbonate chloride carrier protein is _______ Protein

A

Antiporter protein is membrane protein that transports two molecules at the same time in opposite direction

86
Q

what are the percentages of types of tb diagnosed

A

→ 85% patients develop disease in lung.
→ while 15% develop distance in an organ other than lung such as lymph nodes, GI tract, bones and joints

87
Q

Carbonic anhydrase require _________ For its activity

A

Zn+2 ions coordinated by three histidine ligand and water, and becomes active

88
Q

Oxygenated colour of respiratory pigment

A

Hemocyanin = Blue
Chlorocruorin = Green
Haemoerythrin = Violet to Pink

89
Q

Acute sinusitis lasts for

A

2-8 weeks

90
Q

Right lung is ___________ % larger than the left one

A

30%

91
Q

Lungs of an adult has weight of

A

1.3 kg

92
Q

During voluntary respiration impulse originate from

A

cerebrum

93
Q

f the average breathing rate is 15 breaths per minute and the tidal volume is 0.5 L, the ventilation rate will be

A

7.5 L/min

94
Q

Lung cells are

A

Pneumocytes

95
Q

Surgery of eardrum is called and the tubes used is

A

Tympanostomy and Myringotomy
Grommets Tympanostomy tube

96
Q

what type of muscle does the diaphragm act as

A

piston

97
Q

_______ strains of streptococcus pneumonia causes pneumonia

A

90

98
Q

adult vs child breathing rate

A

child ; 25/min
adult : 12-16/min

99
Q

In most birds air sacs are ____ in number

A

9

100
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome is common especially for infants

A

Less than 7 month

101
Q

Arterial blood contains _____ of CO2 per 100ml of blood

A

50 ml

102
Q

how many ribs are present in chest

A

11

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