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Neuro 2 Mine > Exteroception and Nociception > Flashcards

Exteroception and Nociception Flashcards

1
Q

List the Special Senses

A
  • visual (photons)
  • auditory (pressure)
  • chemical (olfaction, taste)
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2
Q

Visual System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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3
Q

Auditory System Signal Type

A

direct

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4
Q

Olfaction System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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5
Q

Taste System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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6
Q

Touch System Signal Type

A

direcy

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7
Q

Definition of Signal Transduction

A

-stimulus dependent to voltage dependent signaling

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8
Q

Proprioception

A

-sense of position of one’s own body

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9
Q

Steps of Transduction on Visual System

A
  1. light stimulation of rods leads to activation of G protein, transducin
  2. activated G protein activates cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  3. PDE hydrolyzes cGMP, reducing concentration
  4. this leads to closure of Na channels
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10
Q

Addition of light has what effect on proteins on photoreceptor disks?

A
  • light causes photo receptor proteins to shift from cis to trans
  • this leads to hyperpolarization
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11
Q

What types of nerve fibers are served by Aa?

A
  • Ia= muscle spindle afferent
  • Ib= tendon organ afferent
  • touch, proprioception
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12
Q

What types of nerve fibers are Ab?

A

-II- mechanoreceptors of skin, secondary muscle spindle afferents

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13
Q

What types of nerve fibers are Ad?

A
  • III= sharp pain, cold temp
  • mechanical pain
  • extreme heat pain
  • first pain
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14
Q

What types of nerve fibers are C?

A

IV= warm temp, burning pain, itch, crude touch, capsaicin

  • polymodal pain
  • extreme cold pain
  • second pain
  • a low dose of LA can block second pain and leave first pain intact
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15
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A
  • small receptive field

- fast adaptation (detect vibration)

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16
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A
  • large receptive field

- fast adaptation (detect vibration)

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17
Q

Merkel’s Disks

A
  • small receptive field

- slow adaptation (detect steady touch)

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18
Q

Ruffini’s Ending

A
  • large receptive field

- slow adaptation (detect steady touch)

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19
Q

3 Types of Pain

A
  1. nociceptive (external)
  2. inflammatory
  3. neuropathic
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20
Q

Spinoreticular Tract

A
  • to hypothalamus, amygladal

- responsible for behavioral response to input

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21
Q

Spinomesencephalic Tract

A
  • to midbrain

- important for descending modulation of pain

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22
Q

Anterolateral System: Sensations

A
  • temp

- pain

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23
Q

Anterolateral System: Primary Sensory Neuron

A
  • DRG
  • Ad
  • C
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24
Q

Anterolateral System: 1st Synapse

A

-dorsal spinal cord

25
Anterolateral System: Decussation
-spinal cord
26
Anterolateral System: Input vs Ascending Info
-contralateral side
27
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Sensations
- proprioception | - find touch
28
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Primary Sensory Neuron
- DRG | - Ab
29
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: 1st Synapse
- nucleus gracilis (medulla) | - nucleus cuneatus (medulla)
30
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Decussation
-medulla
31
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Input vs. Ascending Info
-ipsilateral then contralateral
32
Thermoneutral Point
- 30-37 deg C | - sense neither hot nor cold
33
Cool Receptors
- dec. temp -> inc. firing rate - mostly Ad - 10x as many cool receptors as warm receptors
34
Warm Receptors
- inc. temp -> inc. firing rate | - mostly C receptors
35
Nociceptive
-detection of acute painful stimuli
36
Molecular Pain Receptor Types
- ASIC - P2X - VR1
37
ASIC Molecular Receptor
- acid sensing ion channel | - pH becomes acidic in inury
38
P2X Molecular Receptor
- purinergic receptor | - detects ATP released from cell damage
39
VR1 Molecular Receptor
- vanilloid receptor 1 - detects capsacin - polymodal- responds to chemicals and temp
40
3 Components of Triple Response
1. red center- due to BK 2. wheal- due to BK 3. pink flair- due to substance P
41
Bradykinin (BK)
- precursor is kininogen - cell damage allows cleavage of kininogen to BK - potent vasodilator (red center) - inc capillary permeability (edematous wheal)
42
Substance P
- peptide - in vesicles - released upon stimulation (requires repetitive, intense stimulation to be released) - sensitizer (inc. sensitivity to pain)
43
Hyperalgesia
-inc. sensitivity to pain
44
Allodynia
- normal stimulus becomes painful | - ex. sunburn
45
How does aspirin resolve a headache?
It prevents synthesis of bradykinins.
46
Order of Pressure Block
- first Ab - then Ad - then C
47
Local Anesthetic Block
- first C - then Ad - then Ab - target voltage gated Na channels
48
Order of Activated Electrical Stimulation
- first Ab - then Ad - then C w/ repetitive stimulation
49
Concept of Referred Pain
- pain is perceived as localized to area of predominant input - cutaneous areas dominate
50
Inhibitory Neurons
- inhibit pain synapse in substantia gelatinosa - enkephalinergic - why we rub pain
51
Peri Aquaductal Grey
- has descending influences on pain pathway - descends to nucleus raphe magnus (medulla) - located in midbrain - nucleus raphe descends to dorsal horn (DLF pathway) - this causes release of serotonin and activation of enkephalic interneuron - SSRIs inc. 5Ht and reduce pain
52
Stress Induced Analgesia
- painless experience due to high stress - due to PAG - stress/emotions activate PAG (limbic system involved) - naloxone partially blocks this
53
Cannabinoids
- 2 major presynaptic receptors: CB1, CB2 | - reduce inflammation and dec. pain
54
Na Channels Involved in Neuropathic Pain
- TTX-S (sensitive) - TTX-R (resistant) - mutations in these cause dec. pain sensation
55
GABA
- major inhibitory neurotransmitter - gabaergic neurons help determine what happens at a synapse - GABA dec. with damage
56
BDNF
- neurotropin - ATP -> activation of immune cells -> BDNF - BDNF active on GABA responsive neurons and changes ECl, causing GABA to become excitatory - BDNF also inhibits KCC2, which causes GABA to become excitatory
57
Modality Segregation
-when neurons die, amount/type of neurotropins changes -> nerve wiring changes
58
Targets for Drugs in Pain Pathway
- VCR1, ASIC, P2X - substance P - Na Channel - enkephalin - 5HT - GABA - Ca Channels - glutimate - AMPAr. - NMDAr. - NK1r

Neuro 2 Mine (9 decks)

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