Extraction & Sample Preparation Method Flashcards by Hira Hammad

What are the three different medicinal extracts?

Gelenical
Menstruum
Marc

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What is a galenical?

Medicinal extract derived from nature

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What is menstruum?

Solvent(s) used in extraction process

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What is Marc?

Waste (insoluble) after extraction

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What are the process that can be used for extraction process?

Infusion 
Decoction 
Maceration 
Percolation 
Counter current

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What are the different types of extracts?

Liquid extracts
Tinctures
Soft extracts
Dry extracts

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Are liquid extracts more diluted than tinctures?

NO- tinctures are more diluted

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What are the 3 steps of extraction process?

1- communition- inc SA of plant material E.g. by grinding
2- incubation with menstruum- penetration and dissolution
3- separation of Marc and API- E.g. filtration

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What can be done to make the process more efficient?

1- wet particles with alcohol or water
2- add organic solvent to permeate cell walls
3- inc temp to ince rate of dissolution
4- outward dissolution of solution

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What is method of infusion?

Drug is stood in cold/ hot water for a short time

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What is the menstruum used in infusion?

Cold or boiling water

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What is the method of decoction?

Simmering / boiling plant extracts in water for specific amount of time

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What is the menstruum used in decoction?

Boiling water

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Is the solid material in infusion hard or soft

SOFT

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If the solid material in decoction hard or soft ?

HARD

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Is the active principle in infusion volatile ?

Volatile or non volatile

Can active principle in decoction be volatile?

NO- has to be non volatile

Infusion extracts from soluble constituents of crude drugs prepared by diluting conc infusion should be used within……?

12 hours

What is the method of maceration?

Prolonged infusion (days) often in aq alcohol and closed container

What is percolation?

Maceration & then flow of fresh solvent passing over ground material at specified rate

What is Continuous hot extraction?

Repeated infusion with hot solvent

What should be considered when deciding which extraction method to use?

Hard- percolation/ decoction
Soft- meceration
Volatile- cold infusion
Cost

To prepare sample, need to ……?

Purify drugs of interest

Concentrate, derivative and stabilise analyte

Purpose of purification methods?

Isolate pure drug from crude forms

Remove interfering constituents for analysis

Techniques used for purification for immiscible liquids (2 layers)?

Separating funnel | Counter current distribution

Purification methods used for miscible liquids?

Crystallisation | Fractional distillation

Is water and organic solvent miscible?

NO- immiscible

What is distribution ratio?

Solute in org phase / solute in water phase

Organic layer is heavier so will sink to the bottom- T or F?

FALSE- org layer is lighter so floats

Problems with immiscible liquids?

- emulsion due to shaking | - where is the boundary?

When extracting drug- trying to get it in org or aq layer?

ORG layer as org solvent is volatile- easier to recover

Charged drug will partition into……?

Aq layer

What are the basic techniques to remove solvent?

Rotary evaporation Fractional distillation Crystallisation Sublimation

What does rotary evaporation involve?

Round bottom flask heated gently- boils at low temp Solvent drawn up, condenses and falls in the other flask Solid left in the flask Spin gives max SA

What does fractional distillation involve?

Two extracts with diff boiling points | One collected in flask and one left behind

What does sublimation involve?

Dries out water from extracts from solid to vapour state