Extractives

Question 1

carbohydrates

Answer 1

hemicelluloses and cellulose

Question 2

phenols

Answer 2

lignin

Question 3

[wood] has an elemental composition of about:
50% ___,
6% _____,
43% ____, trace amounts of
nitrogen and several metal ions

Answer 3

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 4

The non-structural components of wood. They are typically concentrated in the heartwood and are often produced by the standing tree as defensive compounds to environmental stresses

Answer 4

EXTRACTIVES

Question 5

also called secondary metabolites, and are indeed crucial for many important functional aspects of plant life.

Answer 5

Extractives

Question 7

Classification of organic extractives in wood

Answer 7

Phenolic Compounds
Aliphatic Compounds
Others

Question 8

found in the bark and heartwood, serve the purpose of protecting lignocellulose from fungal and microbial attack and can be washed out as “resin” from live trees

Answer 8

AROMATIC PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Question 9

four (4) major sub-divisions of Aromatic Phenolic Compounds

Answer 9

lignans, stilbenes, flavonoids and tannins

Question 10

secondary metabolites that occur naturally in all plant families

Answer 10

Flavonoids

Question 11

Widely distributed in all parts of plants, these compounds affor protection against ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores

Answer 11

Flavonoids

Question 12

natural antioxidants and have received attention due to their role in the neutralization or scavenging of free radicals

Answer 12

Flavonoids

Question 13

produced naturally by several plants upon attack by pathogens

Answer 13

Stilbenes

Question 14

produced by woody plants as stress metabolites and also as constitutive defensive agents, belonging to polyphenols

Answer 14

Stilbenes

Question 15

possess a variety of biological activities, including antitumor, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activities

Answer 15

Stilbenes

Question 16

Stilbenes compounds have been found in __ species in __ genera and __ families

Answer 16

275 , 105, 55

Question 17

thought by some to constitute one of the most important groups of higher plant defensive secondary metabolites

Answer 17

Tannins

Question 18

probably the most ubiquitous of all plant phenolics, and presented exceptional concentrations in the barks and heartwoods of a variety of tree species

Answer 18

Condensed tannins

Question 19

a group of phenylpropanes dimers, where the phenylpropane units were linkages by the central carbon (carbon number 8) of their side chains, as one of the extractives located mainly in the lumen cell

Answer 19

Lignan

Question 20

ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS

Answer 20

Terpenes
Terpenoids

Question 21

 also known as secondary metabolites
belong to the biggest class of secondary metabolites
 they are simple hydrocarbons

Answer 21

Terpenes (C5H8)

Question 22

 complex or modified type of terpenes
 majority of the variation in their structures are biologically active and are used worldwide for the treatment of numerous diseases

Answer 22

Terpenoids

Question 23

Terpenoids

Answer 23

Monoterpenes
Sesquiterpenes
Diterpenes
Sesterpenes
Triterpenes
Meroterpenes

Question 24

classified as an allelochemical that is a natural insect repellent and toxic substances

Answer 24

QUINONES

Question 25

heartwood of ____ ____ (Lamiaceae) contains a large amount of quinones that possess considerable influence on the natural durability of teak wood

Answer 25

Tectona grandis L. f.

Question 26

naturally present in th essential and fixed oils of plants and related sources

Answer 26

Monoterpenes

Question 27

 found in many latex- producing plants  active biologically with strong antibacterial activities

Answer 27

Sesquiterpenes

Question 28

found isolated on the leaves and roots of plants

Answer 28

Diterpenes

Question 29

naturally present in the fungus, marine organism, insects, sponges, lichens, and protective waxes of insects

Answer 29

Sesterpenes

Question 30

found in some fungi fruiting bodies and plants

Answer 30

Triterpenes

Question 31

derived from animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi

Answer 31

Meroterpenes

Question 32

Generally non-toxic and are very good antioxidants.

Answer 32

Lignans

Question 33

-Coloration in foliage and flowers, astringent taste in unripe fruits. -Condensed tannins: tanning agents, adhesives

Answer 33

Flavonoids

Question 34

generally very toxic! Primarily in the heartwood of conifers.

Answer 34

Stilbenes

Question 35

Lipid Extractive Components

Answer 35

I. Aliphatics II. Terpenoids:

Question 36

Phenolic Extractive Components

Answer 36

I. Simple Phenolics II. Stilbenes III. Flavonoids IV. Lignans

Question 36

Other Extractive Components

Answer 36

I. Alkane II. Proteins III. Monosaccharides and derivatives

Question 37

components are “small” molecules that can be extracted with a solvent from wood, bark, or foliage.

Answer 37

Extractive

Question 38

Softwoods: ______ Hardwoods: ______

Answer 38

S: 40-45% of extractives, H: No resin acids or monoterpenes