Extrapyramidal System (handout based)

Question 0

Pyramidal tracts refers to

Answer 0

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

Question 1

pyramidal system refers to

Answer 1

Motor system

Question 2

Pyramidal tracts, strictly speaking refers to tracts that course longitudinally in

Answer 2

the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

Question 3

These tracts subservethe automatic, static, postural and other less modifiable motor activities

Answer 3

Extrapyramidal tract

Question 4

Specifically the tracts that does not pass through the pyramid of the medulla oblongata. The corticorubrospinal, corticoreticulospinal, , corticovestibulospinal, and corticotectospinal

Answer 4

Extrapyramidal tract

Question 5

rigidity and tremor without loss of voluntary movement

Answer 5

Akinesia

Question 6

Basal ganglia is composed of

Answer 6

Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, Subthalamic nucleus (nucleus of Luys) & Substantia nigra

Question 7

Is the RECEPTIVE PART of the basal ganlia, receiving topographically organized fibers from all parts of the cerebral cortex and from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

Answer 7

Striatum (mainly the Putamen)

Question 8

are the OUTPUT nuclei of the basal ganglia

Answer 8

Palligum medial (interna) & substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 9

Nuerotransmitters used in direct pathway

Answer 9

Glutamate & dopamine

Question 10

Neurotransmitters used in indirect pathway

Answer 10

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) & enkephalin

Question 11

Stimulation of the _______________ inhibits the ________ pallidum, which in turn, disinhibit the _______________ nuclei of the thalamus. As a consequence, thalamocortical drive is enhanced and cortically initiated movements are facilitated

Answer 11

Direct pathway; medial; ventrolateral and ventroanterior

Question 12

The ______________ Has striatal projection that inhibits the _________ pallidum which in turn disinhibit the ___________ nucleus providing excessive subthalamic drive to the medial pallidumcausing a net effect of thalamic inhibition and reduced thalamocortical input

Answer 12

Indirect pathway; lateral; subthalamic

Question 13

enhanced conduction through the indirect pathway leads to

Answer 13

hypokinesia

Question 14

enhanced conduction through the direct pathway results in

Answer 14

hyperkinesia

Question 15

sweeps around the internal capsule

Answer 15

Ansa lenticularis

Question 16

traverses the internal capsule

Answer 16

Fasciculus lenticularis

Question 17

Pre pyramidal circuit

Answer 17

Cerebral Cortex ➡️ Striatum ➡️ Globus Pallidus ➡️ thalamus ➡️ Pre Motor or Supplemental motor cortex ➡️ PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

Question 18

function as a kind of clearinghouse where intended activities are facilitated and unnecessary ones are suppressed (DennyBrown & Yanagisawa)

Answer 18

Basal ganglia

Question 19

Negative symptoms of basal ganglia disease

Answer 19

bradykinesia, hypo or akinesia and loss of normal postural reflexes

Question 20

Positive symptoms of basal ganglia disease

Answer 20

Chorea, athetosis, ballismus and dystonia

Question 21

disinclination on the part of the patient to use an affected part and to engaeit freelin all the natural actions of the body

Answer 21

Hypokinesia and akinesia

Question 22

slowness rather than lack of movement

Answer 22

Bradykinesia

Question 23

passive movement is not preceded by a “free interval”, there is uniform quality throughout movement, when released, does not go back to original position

Answer 23

Rigidity

Question 24

Affect both flexor and extensor muscles, but more prominent on flexors

Answer 24

Rigidity

Question 25

altered muscle tone where the muscles are continuously or intermittently firm and tense. The is a low threshold for involuntary sustained muscle contraction

Answer 25

Rigidity

Question 26

Characterized by brief, semi-directed, irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic, but appear to flow from one muscle to the next

Answer 26

Chorea

Question 27

slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue

Answer 27

Athetosis

Question 28

Caused by lesions to the striatum

Answer 28

Athetosis

Question 29

Due to decrease in activity of thesubthalamic nucleusof thebasal ganglia, resulting in decreased suppression of undesired movements

Answer 29

Ballismus

Question 30

Repetitive, but constantly varying, large amplitude involuntary movements of the proximal parts of the limbs.

Answer 30

Ballismus

Question 31

This activity is almost ceaseless and movements are often complex and combined

Answer 31

Ballismus

Question 32

Sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures, produced by cocontractionof agonist and antagonist muscles in one region of the body

Answer 32

Dystonia

Question 33

Responsible for: the regulation of muscle tone, coordination of movements, control of posture and gait

Answer 33

Cerebellum

Question 34

Receives special proprioceptive impulses from the vestibular nuclei (vestibulocerebellum)

Answer 34

Floculonodular lobe of cerebellum

Question 35

Essentially concerned with equilibrum

Answer 35

Floculonodular lobe of cerebellum

Question 36

Receive proprioception from muscles and tendons of the limbs (spinocerebellum)

Answer 36

Anterior lobe of cerebellum (paleocerebellum)

Question 37

Derives its afferent fibers from the cerbralcortex via the pontine nuclei (Pontocerebellum)

Answer 37

Posterior lobe of cerebellum (neocerebellum)

Question 38

Coordinates the movements of the eyes and body with respect to gravity and movement of the head in space

Answer 38

Vermian zone of cerebellum

Question 39

Interruption of connections disturb the posture, tone, locomotion and equilibrum

Answer 39

Vermian zone of cerebellum

Question 40

Receive peripheral and central projection, influencing postural tone and individual movements of the ipsilateral limbs

Answer 40

Paravermian/ intermediate zone of cerebellum

Question 41

Concerned mainly with coordination of movements of ipislateral limbs

Answer 41

Lateral zone of cerebellum

Question 42

Cells from the vermis project in what deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 42

Fastigial

Question 43

Intermediate zone project in what deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 43

Globose and Emboliform

Question 44

Lateral zone project in what deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 44

Dentate

Question 45

receives information from the premotor and supplementary motor cortices via the pontocerebellar system; helps initiate volitional/ voluntary movements

Answer 45

Dentate nucleus

Question 46

receives pontocerebellar and spinocerebellar fibers ; It fires in relation to a movement once it has started

Answer 46

Interpositus Nucleus

Question 47

controls antigravity and other muscles synergies in standing and walking

Answer 47

Fastigial nucleus