Extras Sessions 1-4

Question 1

Which structure encloses the kidney and adrenal gland

Answer 1

Renal fascia

Question 2

Which organ can be located anterior to the left kidney

Answer 2

Spleen

Question 3

In the embryo, what is the first kidney system to develop

Answer 3

Pronephros

Question 4

The ascent of a horseshoe kidney into the lumbar retroperitoneal area is restricted by the ___ which hooks over the fused lower poles

Answer 4

IMA

Question 5

Which component of mesoderm gives rise to the kidney

Answer 5

Intermediate- urogenital ridge

Question 6

which vessel crosses over the ureter at the level of the pelvic brim

Answer 6

Ovarian artery

Question 7

The ureters descend through the abdomen along the anterior surface of the

Answer 7

Psoas major

Question 8

What separates the adrenal glands from the kidneys

Answer 8

Perirenal fat

Question 9

What lies anterior to the right adrenal gland

Answer 9

Inferior vena cava

Question 10

The gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments are part of which structure

Answer 10

Greater omentum

Question 11

Describe the apex of the bladder connection to umbilicus

Answer 11

By median umbilical ligament

Question 12

Which branch of the internal iliac artery is most associated with arterial supply to the bladder

Answer 12

Superior vesicular

Question 13

Which parr of the nephron helps to regulate serum pH

Answer 13

Distal convoluted tubule - responsible for reabsorbing bicarbonate

Question 14

Which part of the nephron is responsible for 100% of amino acid reabsorption

Answer 14

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 15

Which part of the nephron is responsible for 100% of glucose reabsorption

Answer 15

PCT

Question 16

In which part of the nephron does ADH act to increase water reabsorption

Answer 16

CD

Question 17

What tissue is this

Answer 17

Perirenal fat (peri means around)

Question 18

What is activated in a response to haemorrhage to cause a decrease in GFR

Answer 18

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 19

What would happen to the GFR if the glomerular oncotic pressure decreased

Answer 19

Increase

Oncotic pressure in glomerulus opposes filtration

Question 20

What would happen to the GFR if the tubular hydrostatic pressure increased

Answer 20

Decrease

Opposing force to capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 21

What does the Bowman’s capsule do

Answer 21

Filter blood and produce ultra filtrate which contains high sodium

Question 22

Patient with renal disease has high creatinine in blood but low creatinine in urine. What condition is best indicated?

Answer 22

Decreased kidney function

Question 23

Fluid in Bowman’s capsule in a patient with high creatinine due to Lupus nephritis would be most similar to

Answer 23

Plasma

Question 24

Renal clearance =

Answer 24

Urine conc x volume
/
Plasma conc

Question 25

Units for urine volume in clearance

Answer 25

Ml per min

Question 26

What diuretic is best for a patient with heart failure, low GFR, and loop diuretic resistance

Answer 26

Thiazide like

Question 27

Features of Spironolactone

Answer 27

Only K+ sparing that is not selective as mineralocorticoid receptor, can cause gynecomastia, acts in CD

Question 28

Drug given for Hypertension and heart failure, causes glucose intolerance, hypokalemia and uricemia What is it

Answer 28

Thiazides: act in DCT

Question 29

Patient with hypertension develops hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis and ototoxicity after treatment with what

Answer 29

Loop diuretic

Question 30

Patient given a loop diuretic for hypertension, develops hypokalaemia Needs K+ sparing Where would the drug act

Answer 30

Collecting duct= blocks ENAC, prevents reabsorption of 3% filtered Na+

Question 31

What drug has a short duration, inhibits Na/K/CC2 transporter Decreases Na+ reabsorption by 30%

Answer 31

Loop diuretic

Question 32

Which type of diuretic increases Calcium excretion

Answer 32

Loop

Question 33

Potential side effects of Spironolactone

Answer 33

Gynecomastia, impotence, BPH

Question 34

Gout and hyperuricemia are side effects of

Answer 34

Loop diuretics

Question 35

Which drug reduces mortality for heart failure after MI

Answer 35

Spironolactone

Question 36

What acute compensatory mechanism will occur in the nephron upon a patient with orthosteric hypotension standing up

Answer 36

an increase in the glomerular filtration rate of the same nephron- reduced pressure to afferent allows more blood flow into glomerulus

Question 37

What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure, where is it produced and where does it act

Answer 37

Increases BP, adrenal gland, DCT Aldosterone increases salt and water absorption, upregulates Na/K+/ATPase

Question 38

What features of the ascending LOH have resulted in low osmolality

Answer 38

Permeable to ions but impermeable to water More dilute in ascending LOH as ions can leave the tubule but water cannot

Question 39

What adaptations in the kidney will have occured in response to hypertension

Answer 39

Decreased release of renin increased Na+ and Cl- in DCT will mean less renin is released

Question 40

What is the most appropriate physiological response by macula densa cells to low bp

Answer 40

Stimulate JG cells to secrete renin

Question 41

What is the most likely cause of syncope in a patient whose been outside all day in the heat with no fluids

Answer 41

Hypovolaemia as lost in sweat

Question 42

What is the most likely explanation for the disturbance in serum sodium concentration as a result of sucrose being put in a wound

Answer 42

Subcutaneous absorption of sucrose Excreted in urine Hypertonic hyponatremia Dilutional drop in measured sodium due to presence of osmotically active molecules in serum, which causes water to shift from ICF compartment to ECF compartment

Question 43

What is the action of ADH

Answer 43

v1 receptor, vasoconstriction

Question 44

Loss of which renal function is most likely to be identified by the lab measurement of the urine specific gravity following deprivation

Answer 44

Concentration lower water intake = higher specific gravity

Question 45

What physiological response is the primary cause of Hyponatraemia in a patient with SIADH

Answer 45

Excess water reabsorption in collecting duct