Eye

Question 1

Major structures of the eye

Answer 1

palpebrae
eye lol
bony orbit

Question 2

Palpebrae structures

Answer 2

muscles
tarsal plates (contain meibomian glands)
palpebral conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus

Question 3

muscles on the palpebrae

Answer 3

orbicularis oculi

levator palpebrae superioris

Question 4

orbicularis oculi muscle

Answer 4

surrounds orbit
allows for squinting/blinking

***innervated by facial nerve

Question 5

levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 5

*no inferiorus

attaches to tarsal plate and assists in further retracting upper eyelid

considered an extra ocular muscle of the eye duct

Question 6

meibomian gland

Answer 6

oil glands along most distal part of palpebrae

produce oily substance that slows evaporation of lacrimal secretions

Question 7

lacrimal apparatus

Answer 7

lacrimal gland
lacrimal papilla
lacrimal canaliculus 
lacrimal sac 
nasolacrimal duct

Question 8

flow of lacrimal secretions

Answer 8

lacrimal gland –> lacrimal papilla –> lacrimal canaliculus –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct –> inferior nasal meatus

Question 9

inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Answer 9

dacryocystitis

Question 10

Palpebral conjunctiva is

Answer 10

mucous membrane of the eye

continuous with bulbar conjunctiva

Question 11

Structures of the eyeball

Answer 11

cornea
conjunctiva
sclera
iris/pupil
lens
retina
chambers (3)

Question 12

light focusing apparatus

Answer 12

cornea
iris
lens
ciliary body/muscle
anterior/posterior chambers

Question 13

light sensing apparatus

Answer 13

vitreous body
retina
choroid
optic nerve

Question 14

what flows through the anterior and posterior chambers

Answer 14

aqueous humor – provides nutrients to structures there

Question 15

what are anterior and posterior chambers separated by

Answer 15

iris

Question 16

cornea

Answer 16

outermost layer of the anterior eye
not covered in conjunctiva
protects inner eye structures
bends light to focus it into iris/pupil/lens (refraction)

Question 17

iris/pupil

Answer 17

muscular pigmented ring that separates anterior/posterior chambers of eye

pupil = hole in the middle

Question 18

muscles on the iris/pupil

Answer 18

sphincter pupillae muscle = constricts pupil

dilator pupillae muscle = dilates pupil

Question 19

light receptor activation in either eye will trigger bilateral pupillary constriction

Answer 19

light –> retinal photoreceptors –> Edinger-Westphal nucleus –> ciliary ganglion –> sphincter pupillae

Question 20

lens is composed primarily of

Answer 20

proteins called cristallins

composed of living cells

Question 21

primary function of lens

Answer 21

focus light onto fovea/macula of retina

Question 22

lens is suspended in the eye by

Answer 22

the ciliary muscle

allows for changes in focus by stretching the lens altering its refractive properties

Question 23

refraction of near and distant objects

Answer 23

near object - strong refraction

distant object - weak refraction

Question 24

aqueous humor

Answer 24

provides support for structures of the focusing apparatus of the eye

provides nutrients to these structures

created by ciliary body

Question 25

primary light sensing structure

Answer 25

retina

Question 26

retina is covered with _____ separated into 2 groups:

Answer 26

covered with photoreceptors; separated into rods and cones

Question 27

Rods

Answer 27

sense light, no color, poor spatial acuity

Question 28

cones

Answer 28

sense light + color, good spatial acuity

Question 29

Vitreous body

Answer 29

clear gel filled capsule in the posterior eye (does not refract light) provides structure to the eye and reduces risk of retinal detachment

Question 30

Layers of the posterior eye

Answer 30

outermost: sclera middle: choroid innermost: retina

Question 31

Sclera

Answer 31

structural protective layer of posterior eye

Question 32

choroid

Answer 32

vascular layer that supports the retina | contains pigments to reduce reflection of light

Question 33

retina

Answer 33

key layer for photoreception receives light and converts it to electrical impulses

Question 34

retina innervation

Answer 34

optic nerve (CN2)

Question 35

structures of the retina

Answer 35

optic disc (where optic nerve enters) macula -- fovea Retinal artery/vein

Question 36

inactive ocular toxoplasmosis

Answer 36

scar tissue build up minimal to no vision deficits recurrence is common bc it is a parasite?

Question 37

What is the arterial to venous ratio normally

Answer 37

2:3

Question 38

Macular degeneration

Answer 38

white drusen of the retina indicate mottling/macular degeneration

Question 39

Papilledema

Answer 39

blurred disc margins

Question 40

central retinal vein occlusion

Answer 40

disc is virtually obscured by edema and hemorrhages

Question 41

central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 41

cherry red fovea pale retina significant attenuation of vasculature

Question 42

Hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 42

retina displays exudates and flame hemorrhage

Question 43

orbit

Answer 43

bony cavern of face which protects eyes separated by nasal cavity/sinuses 7 bones

Question 44

orbit innervation/vasculature

Answer 44

more concentrated innervation/vasculature than almost any other location of the body outside the brain (trauma is problematic)

Question 45

Bones of the orbit

Answer 45

``` sphenoid frontal zygomatic ethmoid lacrimal maxilla palatine ```

Question 46

eye is surrounded by supportive fat pads that protect structures from bony orbit

Answer 46

adipose body of the orbit (ABO)

Question 47

ABO lost with age

Answer 47

enophthalmos

Question 48

orbit blood supply

Answer 48

``` internal carotid artery ophthalmic artery central retinal artery lacrimal artery posterior ciliary arteries supraorbital artery anterior/posterior ethmoidal arteries supratrochlear artery dorsal nasal artery ```

Question 49

Venous drainage of orbit

Answer 49

superior ophthalmic vein and inferior ophthalmic vein drain into cavernous sinus

Question 50

extra ocular muscles of the orbit

Answer 50

``` superior rectus medial rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus superior oblique inferior oblique levator palpebrae superioris ```

Question 51

Extraocular muscles innervation

Answer 51

CN3 oculomotor CN4 trochlear CN6 abducens LR6-SO4-R3