Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations- ENT > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define Blepharitis

A
  • Chronic condition
  • Inflammation of the eyelids
  • Intermittent exacerbations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anterior Blepharitis

A
  • Infectious component: S.aureus

- Seborrheic component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Posterior Blepharitis

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most likely dx of this clinical presentation:

  • Red eye
  • Gritty sensation
  • Burning sensation
  • Excessive tearing
  • Crustiness in lashes
  • Light sensitivity
A

Blepharitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physical exam findings in Blepharitis

A
  1. Diffuse conjunctival injection
  2. Inflamed and red eyelid margins
  3. Crusting/matting of eyelashes
  4. Plugged glands
  5. Collarettes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of Blepharitis

A
  1. Warm compresses

2. Topical abx: Erythromycin ointment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of periorbital cellulitis

A
  1. External sources
    - Blepharitis
    - Insect bites
    - FB
  2. Sinusitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most likely dx of this clinical presentation:

  • Eye pain
  • Eyelid swelling
  • No vision change
  • No fever
  • No pain with eye movement
A

Periorbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Abx treatment if MRSA is NOT suspected in periorbital cellulitis

A

Oral Clindamycin OR

Amoxicillin-Clauvulanic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Abx treatment if MRSA IS suspected in periorbital cellulitis

A

Oral Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) +

Amoxicillin, AmoxClav

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most likely dx of this clinical presentation:

  • Eye pain
  • Eyelid swelling
  • Vision changes
  • Fever
  • Pain with eye movement
A

Orbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Orbital cellulitis physical exam findings

A
  1. Proptosis
  2. Opthalmoplegia
  3. Conjunctivitis
  4. +/- discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the emergent complication we are trying to prevent in orbital cellulitis

A
  • Optic nerve damage

- Spread of infection to cavernous sinus–>meninges or brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Orbital cellulitis Treatment

A
  1. Opthalmologist consult

2. IV abx- Broad spectrum= Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Orbital cellulitis

A

infection of the fat and muscle tissue surrounding globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Etiology of Orbital cellulitis

A

extension of infection from the paranasal sinuses (ethmoid sinuses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define periorbital cellulitis

A
  • Infection of the soft tissues around the eye

- Doe NOT extend into orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common eye disease?

A

Conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What virus is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signs and sx’s of viral conjunctivitis

A
  • Watery discharge
  • Preauricular discharge
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Pharyngitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the most common organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  1. S.pneumoniae
  2. H. influenza
  3. Pseudomonas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a common symptom of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Copious discharge

-“Eyes matted shut”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bacterial conjunctivitis treatment

A
  1. Erythromycin ointment

2. Fluroquinolone drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis signs and sx’s

A
  • Usually bilateral
  • Itchy eyes
  • Conjunctival injections
  • Chemosis (swelling)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define dacrocystitis
infection in lacrimal sac
26
etiology of dacrocystitis
Usually secondary to nasolacrimal duct obstruction
27
dacrocystitis treatment
Clindamycin, IV vancomycin
28
Define entropion
inward turning of eyelids
29
Define ectropion
outward turning of eyelids
30
Define pingueculum
- Yellow, elevated nodule | - Commonly located on nasal side of conjunctiva
31
Define Pterygium
- Flesh, triangular growth of the conjunctiva | - Spreads
32
What is the main concern with Pterygium?
May threaten cornea and visual axis
33
Define hyphema
-Results from an injury (often blunt trauma) to the anterior chamber that disrupts the vasculature supporting the iris or ciliary body
34
Hyphema treatment
- Diuretics (Oral, Topical) | - Topical Cycloplegic
35
What signs are you going to look for in a perforated globe?
1. Loss of anterior chamber depth 2. Misshapen pupil 3. Vitreous leakage
36
Treatment for perforated globe
Emergent referral for surgical repair
37
Corneal abrasion treatment
1. Topical abx drops-Azithromycin | 2. Topical lubricants
38
What should you NEVER send a patient home with if they have a corneal abrasion? Why?
Anesthetics | -->may cause anesthetic keratitis requiring a corneal transplant
39
What is the most common cause of corneal ulcers (keratitis)?
Infection | -Bacterial, viral, fungal or amebic
40
What are corneal ulcers (keratitis) commonly associated with?
Contact lens abuse
41
What eye disorder does this clinical presentation suggest? - Cloudy, hazy opacity overlying cornea - Conjunctival injection, esp. limbus - Dendritic pattern seen on fluorescein staining - +/- Hypopyon
Corneal ulcer-Keratitis
42
Corneal ulcer-Keratitis treatment for HSV
topical acyclovir
43
Corneal ulcer-Keratitis treatment for bacterial
Moxifloxacin
44
What does the urea consist of?
1. iris 2. ciliary body 3. choroid
45
What is uveitis/iritis most commonly caused by?
Immunologic: - Ankylosing spondylitis - Arthritis - Inflammatory bowel dz
46
uveitis/iritis signs
1. Decreased vision 2. Ciliary flush/circumlimbal injection 3. Constricted pupil 4. Low or normal IOP 5. Cells and flares on SLE
47
uveitis/iritis treatment
1. Prompt ophthalmology referral 2. Topical steroids-Prednisone 3. Topical cycloplegics
48
Enopthalmos
Posterior displacement of the globe
49
What muscle is entrapped with blow-out fractures, restricting EOMs?
Inferior rectus muscle
50
What is the test of choice in blow-out fractures?
CT of the orbit
51
Treatment of blow-out fractures?
1. Emergency referral | 2. Empiric abx during transport- Amoxicillin-clavulanate
52
What eye disorder does this clinical presentation suggest? - Severe eye pain - Blurred vision - Photophobia - HA - N/V
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
53
Acute angle-closure glaucoma physical exam findings
1. Decreased vision 2. Red eye- Circumlimbal injection 3. Fixed, mid-dilated pupil 4. Crescent shadow 5. Increased IOP, >50 mmHg
54
Acute angle-closure glaucoma treatment
1. IV acetazolamide (Diamox) + oral dose 2. Topical timolol 3. Mitotic drop
55
Definitive treatment of Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Laser peripheral iridotomy
56
Define chronic open angle
decreased drainage through trabecular meshwork
57
Define chronic closed angle
obstruction of flow into anterior chamber
58
Who are fundoycopic exams recommended in?
1. Over the age of 40, every 2-5 yrs. | 2. Positive family history or diabetic= annually
59
Diagnosis of chronic glaucoma
2 of the 3 abnormalities: 1. Optic disk-"cupping" or pallor 2. Visual field- constriction 3. IOP- increased
60
What is the leading cause of blindness in the world
Cataracts
61
What is the most common cause of cataracts
Age related- Senile cataracts
62
Signs of cataracts
1. Decreased visual acuity 2. Decrease in color vision 3. Opalescent changes to lens 4. Abnormal or absent red reflex 5. PAINLESS loss of vision
63
What is the most common type of nystagmus?
Jerk nystagmus
64
Possible treatment options for nystagmus
1. Medication- Gabapentin 2. Botulimun injections 3. Prism lenses 4. Kestenbaum muscle surgery
65
Define Amblyopia
Reduction of visual acuity of one or both eyes | -->caused by disuse or misuse during critical period of visual development
66
Types of Amblyopia
1. Strabismus 2. Anisometropic or refractive 3. Deprivational (congenital cataracts, ptosis, blocked visual axis)
67
What age does visual development occur up until?
6-8 y.o.
68
When would you use alternate cover test?
intermittent strabismus
69
Define optic neuritis
Inflammatory demyelinating condition that results in acute vision loss in ONE eye
70
Etiology of optic neuritis
- Strong associated with Multiple Sclerosis | - Viral infections: measles, mumps, influenza
71
Physical exam findings of optic neuritis
- loss of color vision - Decreased visual acuity - Relative afferent pupillary defect (APD) - Optic nerve changes on exam
72
Optic Neuritis treatment
IV methylprednisone
73
Define papilledema
- Swelling of the optic nerve head | - Usually associated with increased intracranial pressure
74
Papilledema Physical Exam findings
1. Swollen optic disk with blurred margins 2. Obscured cup 3. Dilated and tortuous venules 4. Flame hemorrhages and infarctions ("cotton-wool spots") 5. Edema
75
What is the leading cause of adult blindness industrialized countries?
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
76
What type of vision loss occurs in AMD?
Central vision loss
77
Presenting sx's in AMD
1. Metamorphospsia 2. Central scotoma 3. Gradual or acute painless vision loss
78
Define Dry AMD
1. Drusen- yellow calcium deposits 2. Atrophy * Better prognosis
79
Define Wet AMD
1. Subretinal neovascularization 2. Subretinal hemorrhage * Majority (80-90%) cases of blindness due to AMD
80
What is the most common cause for retinal detachment?
Tear in retina
81
What is the most common site of a retinal detachment?
Superior temporal retinal area
82
What eye disorder does this clinical presentation suggest? - Acute onset of monocular, decreased vision="curtain over their eye" - Coudy/smoky vision - Flashes of red - No pain or redness
Retinal detachment
83
Retinal detachment physical exam findings
1. Afferent pupillary defect 2. Billowing or tent-like elevation of rugs retina 3. Elevated retina appears out-of-focus and gray 4. Vitreous hemorrhage
84
Retinal detachment Treatment
Cryosurgery or laser surgery
85
Define Amaurosis Fugax
- "Fleeting blindness" | - Usually caused by retinal emboli from ipsilateral carotid disease
86
Amaurosis Fugax Diagnostics
1. Duplex US and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | 2. EKG and Echo if suspect cardiac source
87
What eye disease would a pale retina with "cherry red spot" at fovea suggest?
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
88
What eye disease would "blood and thunder" fungus suggest?
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
89
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion treatment
1. Urgent referral 2. ASA 3. Observation 4. Evaluate etiology
90
Which central retinal occlusion has a poor prognosis, artery or vein?
Artery
91
What is the #1 cause of blindness in the western world in pt's <50 y.o. ?
Diabetic retinopathy
92
What percentage of diabetics have retinopathy?
40%
93
Exam by an ophthalmologist is recommended when?
1. Type 1 Diabetes of 5+ yrs. duration 2. @ first dx in Type 2 Diabetes 2. IF ocular sx's develop or suspicious findings of retinopathy
94
Features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
1. Microaneurysms 2. Dot-blot hemorrhages 3. Cotton-wool spots
95
Features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
1. Neovascularization 2. Vitreous hemorrhage 3. Traction RD + all non-proliferative signs
96
Fundoscopic findings on diabetic macular edema
1. Retinal hemorrhage 2. Microaneurysms 3. Hard exudates
97
What is the daily glucose goal in treatment of diabetic retinopathy?
<120
98
What is the HbA1C goal in treatment of diabetic retinopathy?
<7
99
Keith-Wegener-Barker Classification
1. Arteriolar Narrowing= “Copper wiring” 2. Arteriolar Sclerosis=“Silver wiring” 3. "A:V Nicking" 4. Cotton-wool spots 5. Retinal hemorrhages 6. Retinal edema/exudates= macular star 7. Papilledema

Foundations- ENT (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions