Eye

Question 1

How many rods do we have

Answer 1

100 million

Question 2

How many cones do we have

Answer 2

5-6 million

Question 3

Number of ganglion cells

Answer 3

1.5 million

Question 4

What does vision during the day rely on

Answer 4

Cones because rods are saturated/hyperpolarized

Question 5

Kinda of cells in visual cortex

Answer 5

Simple cells

Complex cells

Hyper complex cells

Question 6

Simple cells

Answer 6

Have excitatory and inhibitory areas

Respond most to lines or bars or oriented light

Question 7

Complex cells

Answer 7

Has no fixed excitatory or inhibitory areas

Respond most to a moving bar or line in visual field

Question 8

Hyper complex cells

Answer 8

Primary stimuli is a moving bar of light like the complex cells, except the bar has an end

Located in v1 and v2

Question 9

Near sighted

Answer 9

Myopia

Question 10

Far sighted

Answer 10

Hyperopia

Question 11

Dark current

Answer 11

Movement of positive charge across membrane when dark

It’s regulated my cGMP (second messanger that gates Na channels)

Question 12

Phototransduction in rods steps

Answer 12

Light activated G protein

Activated effector enzyme

Membrane ion channels close

Question 13

What neurotransmitter is released when photoreceptors are depolarized

Answer 13

Glutamate

Question 14

Where is top part of visual field located on brain

Answer 14

Lower part of occipital lobe

Question 15

Steps of seeing

Answer 15

Light reflected or emitted by object images onto retina

Converts into Vm changes by photoreceptors

Converts into chemical signal (glutamate)

Converted back to electrical signals in bipolar and horizontal cells

Ultimately changed into AP firing in ganglion cells

Question 16

What are nonthalmuc targets of the optic tract

Answer 16

Hypothalamus (four f)

Pretectum (pupil dialatoon)

Superior colliculus (visual orienting)

Question 17

What does visual orienting

Answer 17

Superior colliculus

Question 18

What controls pupil dilation

Answer 18

Pretectum

Question 19

What is it called when one eye is blind

Answer 19

Monocular blindness

Question 20

What is it called when lateral sides of both eyes are blind

Answer 20

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 21

What is it called when nasal side of right eye is blind

Answer 21

Right nasal hemianopia

Question 22

What is it called when there’s blindness on left visual field

Answer 22

Homonymous hemianopia

Question 23

What is it called when top left (or both right) parts of both eyes are blind

Answer 23

Quadrant anopia

Question 24

What is it called when left (or right) visual field is blind with macula still able to see

Answer 24

Macular sparing

Question 25

What does it mean when one eye dialates and not the other

Answer 25

There’s brains stem damage. Neuron in brain stem control muscles that construct pupil in both eyes.

Question 26

Just noticeable difference

Answer 26

Smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect

Question 27

Weber’s law

Answer 27

Brighter the light, the more change in brightness is required for us to be able to notice a difference

Question 28

A process that makes sensory patterns more meaningful and more elaborate

Answer 28

Perception It selects organized and interprets sensory signals

Question 29

Signal detection theory

Answer 29

Perceptual judgment as a combination of sensation and decision making processes

Question 30

Ciliary muscle

Answer 30

relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing.

Question 31

What fluid is in between cornea and iris

Answer 31

Aqueous humor

Question 32

What liquid is in between lens and retina

Answer 32

Virteous humor

Question 33

Point where no photoreceptors exist

Answer 33

Blind spot/optic disc

Question 34

What is the membrane voltage of rod in complete darkness

Answer 34

-30mV

Question 35

Where is LGN located

Answer 35

Dorsal thalamus

Question 36

How many layers does the LGN have

Answer 36

6

Question 37

Where are perennial areas of vision located

Answer 37

More anteriorly

Question 38

Another name for visual cortex

Answer 38

Striate cortex

Question 39

Signal detection theory

Answer 39

States that perpetual judgment is a combination of sensation and decision making processes Stimulus event Neural activity Comparison with personal standard Action (or no action)