Review Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Difference between plant and animal cell
A
Plants have cell wall-they’re hard
Animals have a lipid bilayer. They need a flexible semi-permeable Wall
2
Q
How do cells get energy
A
aerobic respiration (without oxygen)
Aerobic respiration (with oxygen)
3
Q
Function of glia cells
A
Insulating, supporting and nourishing neighbor neurons
4
Q
How does mitochondria produce ATP
A
Keen cycle
5
Q
Gene expression
A
Reading of dna. It’s final product is proteins
6
Q
What carries messages to the sites of protein synthesis
A
mRNA
7
Q
Where is the most rough ER in the body
A
Neurons
8
Q
Where does protein synthesis happen
A
Ribosomes
9
Q
Where are ribosomes located
A
Membrane bound in rough ER
floating in cytoplasm
10
Q
Protein synthesis phases
A
DNA uncoils to expose a gene sequence of neucliotide bases that form codes for protein
mRNA leaves nucleus and comes in contact with ribosomes in the ER
mRNA binds to ribosome
Ribosome translates mRNA to assemble a protein molecule
11
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
Sorting of certain proteins that for delivery to different parts of neuron
12
Q
KREB cycle
A
When ADP yields ATP
13
Q
Neuronal membrane
A
Serves as barrier for cytoplasm inside the neuron
14
Q
What is waste of Golgi apparatus used for
A
To repair cell
15
Q
What did Golgi believe
A
The brain was one big structure
16
Q
What does ATP stand for
A
Adenisine
Tri
Phosphate
17
Q
What does mitochondria have folds
A
To increase surface area
18
Q
Dendrites
A
Receive incoming signals
19
Q
Axon hilliock
A
Determines if action potential fires or not
20
Q
What kinds of glia are there
A
Astrocytes
Oligodendroglial
Schwann cells
21
Q
Myelin. What kind of glia cells form these and what’s their purpose
A
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Increase speed of propagation of nerve impulses down axon
22
Q
What’s the most numerous kind of glia
A
Astrocytes
23
Q
Resting membrane potential
A
Difference in electrical charge across membrane
24
Q
Why are electrons key factor in neuroscience
A
The amount of electrons in an ion determine it’s positive or negative charge. Which is important for action potentials
25
Ions critical tocell function
Na+
k+
ca2+
Cl-
26
Ionic bonds are strong except in ——-
A biologically relevant solvent (like water)
27
Covalent bonds are mostly in
Stable biological molecules such as DNA RNA, proteins, phospholipids, sugars, etc
28
When two atoms share a pair of electrons
Covalent bond
29
Electronegativity
Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in a covalent bond
30
Non Polar covalent bond
Equally shared electrons due to similar or identical electronegativities
31
Polar covalent bond
When one atom in a bind is more electronegative, it attracts more strongly l, creating a particle charge on the atoms involved
32
What dissolves ionic bonds
Water
33
Lipid bilayer head and tail
It has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
34
Phospholipid bilayer
Separated extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid
35
Hydrophilic head
Has polar regions
36
Hydrophobic tail
Has no polar regions
37
Phosphate groups of lipid bilayer
Bind to water
38
Fatty acid tails of lipid bilayer
Have no binding sites to water
39
Axon collateral
Part of axon that splits off to connect to different parts of the brain
40
Dendritic spine
Enhances connection and makes it easier for dendrites to pick up on chemical signal
41
Ohms law
V=(I)(R)
V-potential
I-amount of current that will flow
R-resistance
42
Ratio of K
Out-1
| In-20
43
eIon of k
-80 mv
44
Na ratio out vs in
Out-10
In-1
45
Ca2+ ratio
Out-10,000
In-1
46
eIon of Na
62 mV
47
eIon of Ca2+
123 mV
48
Cl- ratio
11.5-our
| 1-in
49
EIon of Cl-
-65 mV
50
Who made the chart of ratios for ions
Hodgkin and Huxley
51
Function of cytoskeleton
Gives neuron it’s shape
It’s constantly regulated and constantly moving and changing shape
52
Three types of cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Neurofillament
Microfillament
53
What changes the neurons shape
Polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules
54
The neuron doctrine
The brain is made up of individual units, the neuron. Neurons are electrochemical information processing units
55
Channels and gates
Channels
56
Channels vs pumps
Pumps generate membrane potential by going against concentration gradient
Channels allow ions to flow between concentration gradients
57
Nodes of ranvier function
Ok allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon.
58
Neurons use the phospholipid bilayer to...
Make a concentration gradient of important ions, thus storing energy for use in action potentials
59
V=IR
Ohms law
Voltage-bolts
Current (amps)
Resistance (ohms)
60
Goldman equation
Answers the question-what if there is an unequal distribution of more than one job across a membrane that is permeable to multiple ions
61
Tetrodotoxin TTX
Binds Na+ channels closed
62
Batrachotoxin
Binds Na+ channels open
63
What are voltage gates channels and why do they open
Ion channels that open because of change in membrane potential
They are selective for ion charge and size
That have an additional gate that responds to change in membrane voltage
64
Na gated channels can’t be opened until...
Membrane potential returns to a negative value near threshold o
65
What is the resting equilibrium potential for a neuron
- 67 mV (calculated)
| - 70 mV (measured)
66
Steps of action potential
Na channels open when threshold of excitation release, Na begins to enter cell
K channels open, k begins to leave cell
Na channels become refractory, no more Na enters cell
K continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting levels
K channels close, Na channels reset
Extra K outside diffuses away
67
What is the falling phase of a action potential caused by
Outward potassium current
68
What’s the rate limit which a neuron can generate an action potential
1000 per second or 1000 hz
69
ESPS
Excitatory post synaptic potential
70
Temporal summation
Several EPSPs add together to reach threshold
71
Spatial summation
EPSP add together simultaneously to reach threshold (more than one sense activated)
Some are excitatory and some are inhibitory
This leads to information computation
72
Saltatory conduction
Jumping between nodes of ranvier
73
Dendrites spines
Enhances connection and make it easier for dendrites to pick up a chemical signal
74
Ionitropic action
Uses ion channels to directly open gate
75
Metabotropic action
Sets off second messenger to set off reaction
76
What causes NT to be released through exocytosis
Ca2+
77
What’s the difference between G protein and ion gated channels
G proteins sustain for a long time
78
Properties of Na gated channels
Open with little delay
Stay open for 1msecond then close (inactive)
Cannot be reopened until membrane potential returns to a negative value near threshold
79
What is saltatory conductance
Jumping between nodes of ranvier
80
If you wanted to study the structure of an untrue neuron, which stain would you use
Golgi stain
81
What protein provides the legs of retrograde transport
Dynein
82
What is the composition of cytosol
Potassium rich solution
83
What is the process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains information about a gene
Transcription
84
Cytoarchitecture is the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain: how can cytoarchitecture be visualized
Nissl stain
85
What does the cell theory state?
The elementary functional unit of all animal tissue is the individual cell
86
What occurs in polymerization of microtubials
Joining of small proteins called tublin
87
What are all thin tubes that extend away from the soma
Neurites
88
What term refers to branches of an axon that return to communicate with a call that had given rise to them
Recurrent collaterals
89
What makes the structure of neurofillimants particularly strong
Strands are ropelike
90
RNA splicing removes bits of the DNA transcript that cannot be used for protein coding. What happens to bits of unused transcript
Introns are removed
91
Why do elevations of K in the blood have serious physiological consequences despite the blood brain barrier and spatial buffering
Muscle cells are not protected from increase in potassium
92
What kind of protein structure does alpha helix represent
Secondary structure
93
How is information transmitted by action potentials in the nervous system analogous to Morse code
Information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses
94
What is the gold mans equation
A mathematical formula that takes into consideration the relative permeability of the membrane to different ions
95
What molecular arrangement in the phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier to water solvable ions
The hydrophilic head face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other
96
how many molecules thich is the sheet of phosphoipids that form the neuronal cell membrane
two molecules thick
97
what do the measurements from a microlectrode reveal
the membrane potential
98
what cells have an excitable membrane
nerve and muscle cells have excitable membranes capable of generating and conduction action potentials
99
what influences ionic movement through membrane channels
diffusion and electricity
100
what kind of protein structure does the alpha helix represent
secondary structure
101
what is the goldman equation
mathmatical formula that takes into consideration the realitie permeability of the membrane to different ions
102
how is info transmitted by action potentials in the nervous system analogous to mores code
info is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses
