Eye and ear, including pathways

Question 1

What is the eye socket called?

Answer 1

the orbit

Question 2

What are the main holes of the orbit?

Answer 2

optic canal
superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

Question 3

Which nerve travels through the optic canal?

Answer 3

the optic nerve

Question 4

Which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 4

oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 5

What are the extraocular muscles?

Answer 5

lateral rectus 
medial rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus 
superior oblique
inferior oblique 
levator palpebrae superioris

Question 6

Which muscle lifts the upper eyelid?

Answer 6

levator palpebrae superioris

Question 7

What is the function of lateral rectus?

Answer 7

pulls the eye laterally (abduction)

Question 8

What is the function of medial rectus?

Answer 8

pulls the eye medially (adduction)

Question 9

What is the function of superior rectus?

Answer 9

pulls the eye up and medially rotates it (intorsion)

Question 10

What name is given to the action of medially rotating the eye?

Answer 10

intorsion

Question 11

What name is given to the action of laterally rotating the eye?

Answer 11

extorsion

Question 12

What is the function of inferior rectus?

Answer 12

pulls the eye down and laterally rotates it (extorsion)

Question 13

What is the function of superior oblique?

Answer 13

intorsion

Question 14

What is the function of inferior oblique?

Answer 14

extrosion

Question 15

When examining eye movements, which muscles do we test first?

Answer 15

lateral and medial rectus as these have isolated movements

Question 16

After testing lateral and medial rectus, which muscles are tested next?

Answer 16

superior and inferior rectus

Question 17

Which nerves supply the extraocular muscles

Answer 17

superior oblique- trochlear
lateral rectus- abducens
all others- oculomotor

Question 18

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

Answer 18

fibrous layer

Question 19

What comprises the fibrous layer of the eye?

Answer 19

the sclera

the cornea

Question 20

Which part of the eyeball do the extraocular muscles attatch to?

Answer 20

the sclera

Question 21

Which layer of the eye lies beneath the fibrous layer?

Answer 21

the vascular layer

Question 22

What does the vascular layer of the eye consist of?

Answer 22

choroid
ciliary body
Iris

Question 23

What is the function of choroid?

Answer 23

provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina

Question 24

What is the inner layer of the eye formed by?

Answer 24

the retina

Question 25

What are the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye filled with?

Answer 25

aqueous humour

Question 26

Is the optic nerve sensory, motor or both?

Answer 26

sensory

Question 27

Light coming from the right falls onto which part of the retina?

Answer 27

the left side of the retina

Question 28

Which part of the retina does light from below fall onto?

Answer 28

the upper part of the retina

Question 29

Which part of the retina do the nerves that cross over to the other side of the brain arise from?

Answer 29

the nasal side of retina

Question 30

Which part of the retina do the nerves that stay on the same side of the brain arise from?

Answer 30

temporal side of the retina

Question 31

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 31

relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

Question 32

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 32

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.

Question 33

Where is the lateral geniculate body?

Answer 33

the thalamus

Question 34

Where in the brain do the fibres of the optic tracts synapse ?

Answer 34

lateral geniculate body

Question 35

which gland sits immediately under the optic chiasm?

Answer 35

the pituitary gland

Question 36

What is the medical word for vision?

Answer 36

opia

Question 37

What is the medical word for no vision?

Answer 37

anopia

Question 38

What is the medical word to describe when you can't see half vision?

Answer 38

hemianopia

Question 39

What is the medical word fro when you can't see half vision and it's in the same half for each eye?

Answer 39

homonymous hemianopia

Question 40

Where does the upper optic radiation carry fibres from?

Answer 40

Fibres from the superior retinal quadrants

Question 41

Which lobe does the upper optic radiation travel through?

Answer 41

the parietal lobe

Question 42

Which lobe does the lower optic radiation travel through?

Answer 42

temporal lobe (pathway known as meyer's loop)

Question 43

Which optic radiation contains fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants?

Answer 43

lower optic radiation

Question 44

Which optic tract contains fibres from the left temporal retina and the right nasal retina?

Answer 44

left optic tract

Question 45

Which half of the retina has fibres that stay on the same side?

Answer 45

temporal half of retina

Question 46

In the pupillary reflex, where do fibres synapse instead of the lateral geniculate body? From here, which nucleus do fibres then go to?

Answer 46

pretectal nucleus | Edinger-westphal nucleus

Question 47

What is the fourth cranial nerve?

Answer 47

trochlear

Question 48

What is the sixth cranial nerve?

Answer 48

abducens

Question 49

What does the outer ear consist of?

Answer 49

the pinna the ear canal the tympanic membrane

Question 50

What is the first third of the ear canal made of?

Answer 50

cartilage

Question 51

What is the last two thirds of the ear canal made of?

Answer 51

bone

Question 52

What is the top part of the tympanic membrane called?

Answer 52

the pars flaccida

Question 53

What is the bottom part of the tympanic membrane called?

Answer 53

the pars tensa

Question 54

What are the bones of the middle ear?

Answer 54

malleus incus stapes

Question 55

What are the muscles of the inner ear?

Answer 55

tensor tympani | stapedius

Question 56

Which canal connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

Answer 56

eustation tube

Question 57

Which of the middle ear bones is attached to the eardrum?

Answer 57

malleus

Question 58

Which bone of the middle ear presses up against the oval window?

Answer 58

stapes

Question 59

Which bone does stapedius attach to?

Answer 59

stapes

Question 60

Which bone does tensor tympani attach to?

Answer 60

malleus

Question 61

What is the role of the middle ear?

Answer 61

amplification tympanic membrane has a large surface area stapes footplate has small surface area

Question 62

What is the function of stapedius and tensor tympani?

Answer 62

stiffen the ossicular chain | prevent damage to the middle ear

Question 63

How is stapedius stimulated?

Answer 63

acoustically

Question 64

How is tensor tympani stimulated?

Answer 64

both voluntarily and involuntarily

Question 65

What is the primary role of the eustachion tube?

Answer 65

ventilation- keeps pressures on both sides of the eardrum equal

Question 66

What is the inner ear comprised of?

Answer 66

the vestibulocochlear apparatus

Question 67

What are the two openings of the cochlea?

Answer 67

round window | oval window

Question 68

What are the three compartments of the cochlea?

Answer 68

scala tympani, scala media , scala vestibuli

Question 69

What are the two ionic fluids in the cochlea?

Answer 69

Endolymph | Perilymph

Question 70

Where in the cochlea will you find endolympth?

Answer 70

in the scala media

Question 71

Where in the cochlea will you find perilymph?

Answer 71

scala vestibuli | scala tympani

Question 72

Which cochlea fluid is rich in K+?

Answer 72

Endolymph

Question 73

Which cochlea fluid is rich in Na+

Answer 73

Perilymph

Question 74

Where in the cochlea will you find the oval window?

Answer 74

scala vestibuli

Question 75

Where in the cochlea will you find the round window?

Answer 75

scala tympani

Question 76

Where is the basilar membrane the most narrow?

Answer 76

at the base by the oval window

Question 77

Where are high frequencies detected along the basilar membrane?

Answer 77

the base- this is where the basilar membrane is narrow and stiff

Question 78

What is the function of inner hair cells?

Answer 78

mechanical transduction

Question 79

what is the function of outer hair cells?

Answer 79

fine tuning, increasing resolution

Question 80

Which type of hair cells has the ability to stiffen the basilar membrane so that only the part of the basilar membrane meant to detect that specific frequency will vibrate ?

Answer 80

Outer hair cells

Question 81

the movement of what causes an influx of K+ rich endolymph into inner hair cells and depolarisation as mechanically gated calcium channels open

Answer 81

stereocilia

Question 82

How is the frequency (pitch) of sound encoded?

Answer 82

encoded in nerve by location along the basilar membrane

Question 83

How is the intensity (loudness) of sound encoded?

Answer 83

encoded in nerves by numbers responding and firing rate

Question 84

Describe the central auditory pathway

Answer 84

``` ECOLI Eight nerve Cochlear nucleus superior Olivary complex Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus ``` Inferior colliculus > medial geniculate body > auditory cortex

Question 85

Which lobe is the auditory cortex in ?

Answer 85

the temporal lobe

Question 86

What are the two types of hearing loss? Where is the defect in each type?

Answer 86

Conductive hearing loss- outer/middle ear defect | Sensorineural hearing loss- Inner ear defect