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Eye Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three layers of the tear?

A

Oil (from meibomian glands)
Water (from lacrimal glands)
Mucus (from conjunctiva cells)

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2
Q

What is subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Extravasation of blood underneath conjunctiva

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3
Q

What is the cause of subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Cough/sneezing, vomiting, straining
Strenuous exercise
Severe HTN, bleeding do

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4
Q

What is the tx of subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Self-limiting

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5
Q

What should not be started in subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

ASA/NSAIDs

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6
Q

What is the etiology of dry eye syndrome?

A

Inadequate tear production

Accelerated tear evaporation

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7
Q

What is the presentation of dry eye syndrome?

A

Blurred vision with eye stain

Burning, gritty, foreign body sensation

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8
Q

What are the causes of dry eye syndrome with inadequate tear production?

A 
Autoimmune (Sjogren's)
Lacrimal damage (SJS, radiation)
Lacrimal deficiencies (Age, post lasik/cataract surgery, medications)
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9
Q

What medications can cause dry eye syndrome?

A

1st generation antihistamines
Antiemetics
Antidepressants

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10
Q

What are the causes of dry eye syndrome with accelerated tear evaporation?

A

Inadequate tear composition
Meibomian gland dysfunction
Clogged gland
Chronic skin condition (eczema, etc)

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11
Q

What is the treatment of mild dry eye syndrome?

A

Artificial tears QID

Lubricants

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12
Q

What are the treatments for moderate to severe dry eye syndrome?

A

Artificial tears up to 12 times daily
Lubricating gel or ointment QHS
Lacrisert (artificial tear insert)

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13
Q

When should Restasis be used?

A

Secondary to sjogrens or meibomian dysfunction

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14
Q

What are the treatments for severe chronic dry eye?

A

Restasis
Xiidra
Plugs

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15
Q

Does restasis or xiidra have the fastest onset?

A

Xiidra

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16
Q

What are the AEs of Xiidra?

A

Taste disturbances
Burning on administration
Reduced visual acuity

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17
Q

What are the types of plugs for severe chronic dry eyes?

A

Punctal

Cannicular

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18
Q

What is a chalazia?

A

Eyelid cyst

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19
Q

Does a cyst or stye come from an infectious origin?

A

Stye

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20
Q

What is the etiology of chalazia?

A

Meibomian gland occlusion

Extravasation of lipid material into eyelid soft tissue

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21
Q

What is the etiology of hordeola?

A

Localized infection

External (eyelash follicle) most common

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22
Q

What is hordeola?

A

Stye

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23
Q

What is the presentation of a cyst?

A

Localized to eyelid

Forms small nontender nodule

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24
Q

What is the presentation of a stye?

Study These Flashcards
A

Forming a small yellowish pustule

Pustule will rupture and discharge pus w/in 2-4 weeks

25
What is the etiology of blepharospasms?
Ocular irritation (long standing dry eye) Medications (DAs) Worsened by: fatigue, sleep deprivation, anxiety, bright light
26
What is the tx of blepharospasms?
Remove/correct cause Wear sunglasses/improve sleep Treat sx
27
What are last line options for blepharospasms?
Botulinum toxin | Surgery
28
What are cataracts?
Progressive opacification of lens
29
What are RFs for Cataracts?
``` Age Exposure to UV/X-rays Smoking/EtOH Malnutrition/DM Ophthalmic corticosteroids ```
30
What are the early presentations of cataracts?
Loss of contrast sensitivity (vision at night) | Need more light to see well
31
What are latent presentations of cataracts?
Blurred vision | Visual acuity
32
What are preventions for cataracts?
UV coated sunglasses | Ophthalmic exams
33
What is the treatment for early staged cataracts?
Corrective prescription lens
34
What is the treatment for latent staged cataracts?
Surgical intervention/lens replacement
35
What is AMD
Atrophy or degeneration of the macula | Age-related Macular Degeneration
36
What are RFs for AMD?
FH Caucasian Smoking/HTN
37
What is atrophic AMD presentation?
Dry | Drusen (Irregular pigmentation of the macula)
38
What os the presentation of wet AMD?
``` Neovascularization Drusen Hyperpigmentation of macula Hemorrhages Exudate ```
39
What is the treatment for atrophic AMD?
PreserVision: Vitamin C Beta-Carotene
40
When do we treat atrophic AMD?
RFs for advanced disease
41
What is the treatment for Wet AMD?
VEGAs
42
How are VEGAs administered?
Intravitreal
43
What disease is exopthalmos associated with?
Grave's disease
44
What diseases is retinopathy associated with?
DM | HTN
45
What deficiency is kerotamalacia associated with?
Vitamin A
46
What is the cause of exopthalmos?
Autoimmune mediated
47
What are the presentations for exopthalmos?
``` Dry eye Eyelid retraction and lag Staring Decreased visual acuity Photophobia Hyperthyroidism ```
48
Will treatment of Grave's disease improve exopthalmos?
No
49
What is the treatment for exopthalmos?
Lubrication to protect cornea | Corticosteroids if severe
50
What is the presentation of acute severe HTN retinopathy?
Retinal hemorrhage Cotton wool spots Yellow exudates Papilledema
51
What is the presentation of chronic HTN retinopathy?
Narrowing of arteries Hardened artery (AV nicking) Restricted blood flow (Copper appearance)
52
What are the types of DM retinopathy?
Nonproliferative | Proliferative
53
What is the presentation of nonproliferative DM retinopathy?
Microaneurysms Cotton wool spots Macular edema
54
What is the presentation of DM retinopathy?
Neovascularization Frail vessels Formations of fibrous tissue Cause retinal detachment
55
What is the treatment for nonproliferative DM retinopathy?
Mild-moderate: observe` | If DM macular edema: VEGA or LP
56
What is the treatment for proliferative DM retinopathy?
VEGAs and LP If no macular edema: VEGAs = LP If macular edema: VEGAs > LP
57
What are the causes of vit A deficiency?
``` Alcoholism Underdeveloped countries Sprue/celiac disease Pancreatitis/IBD Cirrhosis ```
58
What is the presentation of Vit A deficiency?
Night blindness | Dry eyes

Respiratory (8 decks)

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