Eye & Ear Disorders

Question 1

hyperopia

Answer 1

far-sightedness; anterior-to-posterior dimension of eyeball is too short –> focal point is posterior to retina

Question 2

myopia

Answer 2

near-sightedness; anterior-to-posterior dimension of eye-ball is too long –> focal point is in front of retina

Question 3

presbyopia

Answer 3

difficulty focusing on things up close due to decreased flexibility of lens; associated with aging

Question 4

strabismus

Answer 4

abnormality of eye coordination or alignment that results in loss of binocular vision

Question 5

amblyopia

Answer 5

“lazy eye”; diminished vision in one eye when there is no detectable lesion in the eye

Question 6

diplopia

Answer 6

double vision due to misalignment of binocular vision

Question 7

nystagmus

Answer 7

involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eye movements

Question 8

ptosis

Answer 8

drooping of upper eyelid due to weakness of levator muscle that holds eyelid up

Question 9

ectropion

Answer 9

lower lid is turned outward

Question 10

entropion

Answer 10

lower lid is turned inward

Question 11

hordeolum

Answer 11

stye; infection of sebaceous glands of eyelid

Question 12

chalazion

Answer 12

chronic inflammatory granuloma of meibomian gland that may follow an internal hordeolum

Question 13

viral conjunctivitis

Answer 13

viral infection of the conjunctiva (pink eye); characterized by watery discharge, redness, and photophobia

Question 14

bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 14

bacterial infection of the conjunctiva; characterized by purulent discharge

Question 15

bacteria that cause conjunctivitis

Answer 15

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 16

keratitis

Answer 16

inflammation of the cornea due to infection or irritation; characterized by severe pain and photophobia

Question 17

glaucoma

Answer 17

vision loss due to optic nerve damage caused by increased intraocular pressure

Question 18

primary open-angle glaucoma

Answer 18

• chronic, slow progression

- starts with blind spots in periphery, which spread and progress centrally until all vision is loss; irreversible

Question 19

acute angle-closure glaucoma

Answer 19

• acute, rapid onset due to rapid increase in IOP; an emergency condition
• pain, blurred vision, halos around lights, vision loss

Question 20

cataracts

Answer 20

progressive opacity or clouding of the lens; blurred vision over visual field

Question 21

macular degeneration

Answer 21

• degeneration of the fovea (central part of retinal macula; where vision signals are received)
• starts with vision loss in central field, expands outward

Question 22

dry/atrophic macular degeneration

Answer 22

• occurs due to fatty deposits (drusen) that develop in macula which cause damage and scar tissue on fovea
• slow progression

Question 23

wet/exudative macular degeneration

Answer 23

• issue with microvasculature of eye, causing leakage of blood into fovea
• rapid

Question 24

retinal detachment

Answer 24

• an emergency condition; causes bright flashes in peripheral vision, blurred vision, floaters
• no pain
• result of trauma

Question 25

herpes zoster keratitis

Answer 25

- an emergency condition; inflammation of the cornea due to herpes simplex infection - causes pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision, photophobia

Question 26

central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 26

- an emergency condition; ischemia of the eye | - sudden, painless vision loss

Question 27

otitis externa

Answer 27

inflammation of the external ear

Question 28

otorrhea

Answer 28

drainage from the ear, coming out of external auditory canal

Question 29

barotrauma

Answer 29

damage to tympanic membrane due to changes in pressure in middle ear

Question 30

otitis media

Answer 30

inflammation of the middle ear

Question 31

acute otitis media (AOM)

Answer 31

- inflammation of the middle ear due to infection; pathogen growth due to effusion in middle ear - redness and bulging of tympanic membrane

Question 32

otitis media with effusion (OME)

Answer 32

- caused by trapping of effusion in middle ear due to obstruction in eustachian tube - no infection or inflammatory response

Question 33

mastoiditis

Answer 33

infection of the mastoid bone; usually spreads from inner ear infection

Question 34

otosclerosis

Answer 34

- formation of spongy bone around stapes and oval window of middle ear - progressive hearing loss; conductive (three bones of middle ear can't transmit sound waves) and sensorineural (due to pressure on middle ear structures)

Question 35

conductive hearing loss

Answer 35

issues transmitting sound from external ear to internal ear; sound is not produced through tympanic membrane and three bones

Question 36

labyrinthitis (otitis interna)

Answer 36

inflammation of of the inner ear

Question 37

otosclerosis

Answer 37

- formation of spongy bone around stapes and oval window of middle ear; sound waves are not transmitted adequately through middle ear - leads to progressive deafness - pressure on middle ear structures --> tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss

Question 38

conductive hearing loss

Answer 38

issues transmitting sound from external ear to internal ear; sound is not produced through tympanic membrane and three bones

Question 39

labyrinthitis (otitis interna)

Answer 39

inflammation of of the inner ear

Question 40

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 40

issues with auditory nerve or auditory pathways to the brain

Question 41

benign paroxysmal position vertigo

Answer 41

sudden onset of vertigo due to quick movement of head

Question 42

objective vertigo

Answer 42

illusion that everything is moving around you when sitting still

Question 43

subjective vertigo

Answer 43

illusion that you are in motion and the room is still

Question 44

benign paroxysmal position vertigo

Answer 44

sudden onset of vertigo due to quick movement of head

Question 45

Méniére disease

Answer 45

- feeling of unbalance due to fluid buildup in the inner ear, causing pressure on the cochlea and vestibule - causes episodes of tinnitus, fullness of the ear, and violent rotary vertigo