Eye & Eyelid Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Choose 1:
Eyelashes are located anterior/posterior to pores of meibomian glands.
A
anterior
2
Q
Define gray line:
A
Groove that runs between eyelashes and pores of meibomian glands
3
Q
The most anterior part of muscle of riolan is:
A
gray line
4
Q
Functions of the eyelids:
A
- Cover globe for protection
- Move tears towards drainage at medial canthus upon closure
- Spread tear film over anterior surface of eye upon opening
- Contain structures that produce the tear film
5
Q
Name all the glands of the eyelid:
A
- Meibomian glands
- Glands of Wolfrig
- Glands of Krause
- Glands of Zeis
- Glands of Moll
6
Q
These glads are located in tarsal plates:
A
Meibomian glands
7
Q
Choose one:
Meibomian glands make up a(n) watery/oily layer.
A
Oily
8
Q
Glands of wolfrig make up an ______ layer and are located near ______.
A
Aqueous; tarsal plates
9
Q
This gland is an aqueous layer and located in fornix:
A
Gland of Krause
10
Q
Glands of Zeis secretion is _____ and are located _________.
A
Sebaceous; at the base of hair follicle
11
Q
Eyelash lubrication is done by this gland:
A
Gland of Zeis
12
Q
Sudiferous secretions are from ___________, which are located ________________.
A
Glands of Moll; adjacent to hair follicle base
13
Q
Lacrimal gland is located:
A
within lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone
14
Q
Palpebral and orbital portions of the lacrimal gland are divided by ____________.
A
Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris
15
Q
_____________ connect lacrimal puncta to lacrimal sac
A
Canaliculi
16
Q
What makes the superior palpebral sulcus?
A
LPS inserts into eyelid skin to produce superior eyelid crease
17
Q
How is inferior palpebral sulcus produced?
A
Eyelid skin is tethered to underlying periosteum
18
Q
The gray line in the most anterior part of ____________ and is in the _________ part of orbicularis oculi muscle.
A
Anterior; Palpebral
19
Q
What structure has this function:
Keeps lid margins apposed to globe
A
Gray line
20
Q
Mucocutaneous junction is in the ____________ edge of the eyelid.
A
Posterior
21
Q
What are the structures of the eyelid margin?
A
- Meibomian Orifices
- Gray line (muscle of Riolan)
- Lash line and eyelashes
22
Q
Identify the structure:
It is the surgical division between anterior and posterior parts of the eyelid.
A
Gray line
23
Q
What are the layers of the eyelid?
A
- Skin
- Subcutaneous areolar layer
- Orbicularis layer
- Sub-muscular areolar tissue
- Orbital septum
- Posterior muscular system (LPS + Muller’s)
- Tarsal plate
- Palpebral conjunctiva
24
Q
Thinnest skin of the body is located:
A
on the eyelids
25
Skin of the eyelids do not contain any ____.
Fat
26
Skin of the eyelid contains:
- Fine hair
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
27
This layer of the eyelid contains no fat and blood and edema can easily pool in it.
Subcutaneous areolar layer
28
Subcutaneous areolar layer is a loose CT between __________ and ___________.
Skin; orbicularis layer
29
What is contained in the orbicularis layer of the eyelid?
1. Orbital portion
| 2. Palpebral portion
30
What is contained in the palpebral orbicularis layer?
- Muscle of Riolan
| - Muscle of Horner
31
Orbital orbicularis layer function:
Forced closure of eyelids
32
This layer of the eyelid is used for spontaneous and reflex blinking
Palpebral orbicularis layer
33
Sub-muscular areolar tissue is what type of CT and is between which layers of the eyelid?
Loose; orbicularis oculi and orbital septum
34
This layer communicates with subaponeurotic layer of the scalp:
Sub-muscular areolar tissue
35
Raccoon eyes are associated with which layer of the eyelid?
Sub-muscular areolar tissue
36
Orbital septum is a _____ CT.
Dense
37
Functions of the orbital septum:
- Restricts fat from falling onto lid margins
| - Prevents superficial infections from spreading into the orbit
38
Identify the structure:
| Runs from entire orbital rim to tarsal plates of eyelids and is extension of periorbita:
Orbital septum
39
Identify the structure:
| Dense irregular connective tissue that is made up of collagen fibrils that surround the meibomian glands.
Tarsal plate
40
Tarsal plate function:
To provide rigidity to the eyelids
41
What is the function of LPS?
It retracts the upper eyelid
42
LPS is innervated by:
CN III
43
LPS origin and insertion:
Origin: Sphenoid bone
Insertion: Tarsal plates and the skin of the eyelid as levator aponeurosis
44
Identify the structure:
| fan-shaped tendinous expansion posterior to the orbital section.
LPS
45
Fibers of LPS penetrate ______ and attach to ______ and eyelid.
septum; tarsal plates and eyelid
46
LPS divides ________ into orbital and palpebral lobes.
Lacrimal gland
47
Muller's muscle is aka:
Superior tarsal muscle
48
This muscle is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Muller's muscle (superior tarsal muscle)
49
Function of Muller's muscle:
Widens the palpebral fissure by 2-3 mm
50
Identify the structure:
| It is the minor retractor of the upper eyelid.
Muller's muscle
51
Muller's muscle origin:
LPS
52
Muller's muscle insertion:
Tarsal plate
53
What is the palpebral conjunctiva?
It is a mucous membrane made up of non-keratinized squamous epithelium and goblet cells.
54
Function of the goblet cells:
Produce mucin layer of the tear film
55
True/false:
| Epithelial later of palpebral conjunctiva has a stratified protective layer.
True
56
Stroma of palpebral conjunctiva is what type of tissue?
Loose vascularized CT
57
___________ of palpebral conjunctiva contains accessory lacrimal glands, nerves, and blood vessels.
Stroma
58
Identify the ligament:
| Forms hammock below the eyeball to provide support.
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood
59
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood encloses these muscles:
- IR
| - IO
60
Which ligament provides suspensory support for upper eyelid?
Whitnall ligament
61
Whitnall ligament function:
Surrounds LPS and causes it to have superior vector pull
62
These ligaments attack to superior and inferior tarsal plates:
Medial and lateral canthal ligaments
63
What are the components of the lacrimal aparatus?
Lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands
64
What are the constituents of the nasolacrimal drainage system?
-Lacrimal puncta
-Canaliculi
-Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
-Valve of Hasner
65
What muscle surrounds the canaliculi?
Muscle of Horner
66
Canaliculi are ____ mm long.
10
67
Lacrimal sac location:
lies within fossa formed by maxillary and lacrimal bones
68
True/false:
| Lacrimal fossa is posterior to orbital septum.
False: anterior
69
Define dacryocytitis.
Infection of lacrimal sac, usually due to obstruction of nasolacrimal duct.
70
Nasolacrimal duct is about ____ mm.
15
71
____________ travels adjacent to maxillary sinus through nasolacrimal canal.
Nasolacrimal duct
72
Nasolacrimal duct terminates in __________.
Inferior meatus
73
This structure prevents the backflow of nasal fluids:
Valve of Hasner
74
Name the different types of tear secretion:
- Basal
- Reflex
- Emotional
75
Basal tear secretion purpose:
Regularly secreted to keep cornea moist and nourished
76
Basal tear secretion is via which glands?
- Sebaceous glands
- Meibomian glands
- Conjunctiva
77
Reflex tear secretion serves what purpose?
It is in response to irritants and is secreted rapidly to flush the cornea
78
Afferent limb of tear reflex arc is innervated by:
CN V1
79
Efferent limb of tear reflex arc is innervated by:
CN VII
80
Underlying mechanism is unknown for this type of tear secretion:
Emotional
81
In CN V lesions, ______ tears are lost but ______ are not.
Reflex; emotional
82
What are the GA nerves to the eyelids?
- Ophthalmic (CN V1) + frontal and lacrimal branches
| - Maxillary (CN V2) + infraorbital and zygomaticofacial branches
83
Upper lid GA innervation is by:
CN V1
84
True/false:
| CN V2 innervates the lower lid.
True
85
GE innervation of the eyelids is via:
Zygomatic branchof CN VII to orbicularis oculi
86
Sympathetic innervation (VE) of the eyelids is by this muscle:
Muller's muscle
87
Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves are branches of:
Frontal nerve of CN V1.
88
What is the blood supply to the eyelids from the ECA?
- Facial artery
| - Maxillary artery
89
Terminal branch of the facial artery is called _______ and goes to _________.
Angular artery; medial canthus
90
Maxillary artery branches in _____________, enters the orbit via _____________ as infraorbital artery and supplies ______ and ______.
Infraorbital fossa
IOF
Lower lid and lacrimal sac
91
Maxillary artery joins these two arteries:
Angular artery (ECA) and dorsal nasal artery (ICA)
92
What is the blood supply to the eyelids from the ICA?
```
Ophthalmic artery and it's branches:
Lateral palpebral
Medial palpebral
Dorsal nasal
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
```
93
What is the venous drainage of the eyelid?
Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Infraorbital vein
94
What is the pathway for venous drainage from superior ophthalmic vein?
Angular + superorbital veins -> superior orbital vein -> cavernous sinus
95
Inferior ophthalmic vein drains into:
Cavernous sinus OR pterygoid venous plexus
96
Infraorbital vein drains into:
Pterygoid venous plexus
97
Name the structure:
| tough outer layer of the eyeball that gives the eye rigidity.
Sclera
98
Define conjunctiva:
Thin vascularized membrane covering sclera
99
Name the structure:
| transparent bulge on the front part of the eye to allow light to enter the eye
Cornea
100
Define iris:
Colored part of the middle layer of the eye
101
Name the structure:
| Central opening in the iris; diameter altered to control amount of light entering the eye
Pupil
102
Function of the lens:
Focuses light onto the retina
103
Properties of the lens:
- Biconvex
- Transparent
- Elastic
- Made of water and proteins
104
Layers of the lens:
- Capsule: thin outer membrane
- Cortex: soft
- Nucleus: Hard center
105
Soft layer of the lens is called:
Cortex
106
Identify the structure:
| The anterior 1/6 of the eyeball from cornea to iris.
Aqueous chamber
107
Name the components of the aqueous chamber of the eye:
- Anterior chamber: anterior to iris
- Posterior chamber: posterior to iris
- Aqueous humor: Clear fluid that nourishes the avascular cornea and lens
108
What is the vitreous chamber of the eye?
It is the posterior 5/6 of the eyeball from the lens to retina
109
What are the properties of vitreous body?
- Transparent
- Gelatinous substance that fills the vitreous chamber
- Mainly water and collagen fibers
110
What does the outer layer/tunic of the eye consist of?
Cornea: transparent fibrous layer
Sclera: opaque layer of dense CT
111
What does the middle layer of the eye consist of?
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
112
Properties of choroid:
- Highly vascular
- Pigmented
- Between the sclera and retina
113
Middle layer of the eye is ______ and _____.
Vascular; muscular
114
Properties of ciliary body:
- Muscular and vascular
| - Connected choroid to iris
115
Identify the structure:
| Connects iris to choroid.
Ciliary body
116
Properties of iris:
- Muscular and vascular
- Pigmented
- Thin
- Contractile diaphragm
- Anterior to lens
117
What does the inner layer of the eye consist of?
- Retina
- Optic disc
- Macula lutea
118
Inner most layer of the inner layer of the eye is:
Retina
119
Properties of the optic disc:
- Oval
- Depressed area in the back of the eye
- Optic nerve enters thru it
120
Properties of macula lutea:
- Lateral to the optic disc
| - Highest concentration of cone photoreceptors for optimal vision
121
Pathway of light through the refractive media:
- Tear film
- Cornea
- Aqueous humor
- Lens
- Vitreous body
122
Pathway of light via non-refractive media:
Pupil
123
What is the nervous pathway of the pupillary light reflex?
Afferent limb: light on retina -> ortic nerve -> brain
Efferent limb: Brainstem -> CN III -> parasympathetic root (Edinger Westphal nucleus) -> ciliary ganglion (synapse) -> Short ciliary nerve -> sphincter pupillae
124
What is the pupillary light reflex?
When light hits the eye, the pupil automatically constricts
125
What is the pupillary dark reflex?
In the dark, pupils automatically dilate
126
What is the nervous pathway of the pupillary dark reflex?
Afferent: absence of light on retina -> optic nerve -> brain
Efferent: brain -> spinal cord -> cervical sympathetic chain -> superior cervical ganglion (synapse) -> internal carotid artery ->
1. ophthalmic nerve -> nasociliary nerve -> short ciliary nerve -> dilator pupillae muscle
2. Ophthalmic nerve -> nasociliary nerve -> long ciliary nerve -> dilator pupillae
127
What is the nervous pathway of the corneal touch reflex?
Afferent:
1. touch cornea -> short ciliary nerve -> ciliary ganglion (no synapse) -> nasociliary nerve -> ophthalmic nerve -> trigeminal ganglion -> brainstem
2. touch cornea -> long ciliary nerve -> nasociliary nerve -> ophthalmic nerve -> trigeminal ganglion -> brainstem
Efferent: Brainstem -> facial nerve -> orbicularis oculi
128
What is the corneal touch reflex?
When you touch the cornea, you instinctively blink
