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Adult/Ped Medicine 2 > Eye Overview and Introduction to the Eye Exam - Graf and Eye Surgeries - Kugler > Flashcards

Eye Overview and Introduction to the Eye Exam - Graf and Eye Surgeries - Kugler Flashcards

(38 cards)

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1
Q

define: Emmetropia:

A

Visual condition in which an infinitely distant fixated object is imaged sharply on the retina (without an accommodative response)

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2
Q

What vision does this diagram represent?

A

Emmetropia

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3
Q

Refraction:

A

Altering of the pathway of light from its original direction, result of passing from one medium to another

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4
Q

Ametropia:

A

Refractive condition in which parallel rays do not focus on the retina; a deviation from emmetropia (abnormal vision)

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5
Q

define Myopia:

A

Refractive condition in which parallel rays of light entering the eye, focus in front of the retina; nearsightedness

Corrected using LASIK surgery

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6
Q

What vision does this diagram represent?

A

Myopia

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7
Q

Lenses for myopia

A
  • Minus
  • Concave
  • Diverging
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8
Q

define Hyperopia:

A

Refractive condition in which parallel rays of light entering the eye f_ocus behind the retina_; farsightedness

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9
Q

What vision does this diagram represent?

A

Hyperopia

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10
Q

Lenses for hyperopia

A
  • Plus
  • Convex
  • Converging
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11
Q

define: Astigmatism

A

Refractive condition in which rays emanating from a single point are focused as two line images (blurry vision at all distances), generally at right angles to each other; due to unequal refraction of the incident light in different meridians

Eye becomes astigmatic when any of its refracting surfaces assumes a toroidal shape

Eye is not perfectly round (ex: football shaped not basketball shaped)

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12
Q

What type of asitgmatism is this?

A

compound myopic astigmatism

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13
Q

What type of astigmatism is this?

A

Compound hyperopic astigmatism

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14
Q

What type of astigmatism is this?

A

Mixed astigmatism

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15
Q

define Presbyopia:

A

Reduction in accommodative ability occurring normally with age and necessitating a plus lens addition for satisfactory seeing at near
Amplitude decreases from childhood to age 75

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16
Q

Presbyopia

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A

affects 100% of people

treat with reading glasses

corrected surgically using: Conductive Keratoplast or Scleral Spacing Procedure (FDA trial)

17
Q

define Accommodation:

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A

Ocular adjustment for vision at various distances, by changes in shape (steepening) of the crystalline lens

18
Q

define Diplopia:

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A

Condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects rather than as one; double vision

  • usually results from EOM imbalance
  • monocular: persists when fellow eye is covered
19
Q

define: Anisometropia:

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A

Condition of unequal refractive state for the two eyes, one eye requiring a different lens correction from the other

20
Q

Six Elements or Major Categories of Eye History

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A
  1. chief complaint
  2. medical history
  3. medications/ hypersentitivities
  4. visual and occular history
    • last eye exam
    • galsses or contacts
  5. family eye and medical history
    • cataracts, glaucoma, macular degneration
  6. vocational and recreational demands
21
Q

VISUAL Symptoms of Ocular Discomfort

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A
  • Blurred vision
  • Diplopia
  • Distortion
  • Vertigo
  • Glare/light sensitivity
  • Spots before eyes
  • Light flashes
  • Loss of vision
  • Halos around lights
  • Loss of visual field
  • Night blindness
  • Movement of field
22
Q

OCULAR Symptoms of Ocular Discomfort

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A
  • Itching or burning
  • Tenderness, soreness
  • Pain, foreign body sensation
  • Excessive lacrimation
  • Change in blink rate
  • Warm, hot, tired feeling
  • Twitching of lids
  • Mattering of eyelids
23
Q

REFERRED Symptoms of Occular Discomfort

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A
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Stress
24
Q

Physical Exam

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A

Visual Acutiy: Snellen

Pupils: size, shape, equality; reaction to light (PERRLA)

Extra-ocular muscles: movements of eyes into 6 cardinal positions (H test)

Visual field: confrontation testing

Anterior Segment Exam: slit lamp or pen light look at - lids, lashes, lacrimal gland, cornea, conjuntiva, iris, lens

Direct Ophthalmoscopy: media - cornea, lens, vitreous, disc, macula, vessels

25
Physical Exam: Visual Acuity
* Patients will usually get some letters correct and some incorrect as the letter size approaches their threshold * Non-conventional methods: Near/Tumbling E/Pictures * **Pg. 66 Mosby's Record line in which they miss NO letters**....(Evan)
26
Four Cardinal Eye Complaints
1. Changes in Vision 2. Changes in Appearance 3. Pain or Discomfort 4. Trauma
27
Cardinal Changes: Change in Vision
* Painless or Painful * Extent of Vision Loss * One or Both Eyes: * Bilateral: neurologic etiology, not a primary problem • Flashes or Floaters * Multiple – retinal tear, vitreous hemorrhage * Single – benign • Rate of Onset * Rapid deterioration: vascular cause * Gradual loss: cataracts
28
Cardinal Changes: Pain or Discomfort
* Pain or no pain? * Foreign body sensation * Excessive tearing * Itching or burning * Light sensitivity
29
Cardinal Changes: Trauma
* Tetanus immunization state * Fluid or chemical exposure * Blunt or penetrating injury
30
Special Tests: Sit-Lamp Examination
Highly magnified views of: anterior segment and posterior segment
31
Special Tests: Intraocular Pressure
Analogous to systemic blood pressure IOP – 8 to 21 mm Hg Glaucoma screening
32
Emergent Conditions (immediate referral)
o Sudden Vision Loss o Retinal Artery Occlusion o Chemical Burns o Acute Angle-Closure Gluacoma
33
Urgent Conditions | (referal with 1 day or less)
o Acute glaucoma o Orbital cellulitis o Hyphema o Corneal Ulcer o Retinal Detachment
34
Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL)
used in patients who cannot have lasik (too nearsighted) in surgery - cut the limbus, insert the ICL next to the patient's lens
35
Occular Maturity
often occurs at age 18 vision change of less than +or- 0.75 within 1 year
36
Cataract
natural **clouding** (or darkening) of lens age dependent typically affects older adults (60+), can occur in infants or children - rarely **Leading cause of preventable blindness world wide**
37
Cataract Surgery
Entry Incision Capsulorhexis (cutting the lens) Phacoemuslification (use ultrasound to destroy lens) Lens placement (standard, multifocal, accomodative lens types) Corneal Arcuate Incisions (correct astigmatism if needed)
38
Keratoconus
**Cone-shaped cornea** Progressive blinding disease No good treatment - corneal transplant, Collagen Cross-Linking (Clinical Trial)

Adult/Ped Medicine 2 (10 decks)

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