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Eyes Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is the functions of the orbit of the eye?

A

Ensures that the eye’s functions are optimized
*Its a quadrilateral-shaped bony socket

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2
Q

What is the sclera of the eye?

A

White covering of the eyeball
*continuous with the dura of the central nervous system

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3
Q

What is the iris of the eye?

A

Colored circular muscle, that gives us our eye color

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4
Q

What happens when the muscles of the iris dilates?

A

It controls the amount of light allowed to enter the eye through the central aperture
*Which is the pupil

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5
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea covers both the pupil and iris and is continuous with the sclera.

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6
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

The opening between the eyelids

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7
Q

What is the conjunctiva of the eye?

A

A thin transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids & eye
*highly vascularized
*Has two components

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8
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Covers most of the anterior eyeball
*Meets the cornea at the limbus

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9
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The point where the cornea and sclera meet

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10
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

Lines the eyelids

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11
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

To lubricate, protect the eye

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12
Q

What is the function of the meibomian glands?

A

They open on the lid margin and provide oily lubrication to the ocular surface

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13
Q

What is the primary muscle that moves the upper lid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
*Innervated by cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)

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14
Q

What is the function of the tear film?

A

-Protects the conjunctiva and cornea from drying
-Inhibits microbial growth
-give a smooth surface to the cornea

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15
Q

What are the components of the tear film?

A

Oily layer: from the meibomian glands
Aqueous layer: from the lacrimal glands
mucinous layer: from the conjunctival glands

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16
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Lies in the superolateral orbit

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17
Q

Where does tear fluid flow to? (Part one)

A

Spreads across the eye and drains medial through two tiny holes called the lacrimal puncta
*The tiny holes are located on the superior and inferior medial eyelid margin

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18
Q

After tears exit the lacrimal puncta where do they go?

A

Then pass to the canaliculi into the lacrimal sac and into the nose through the nasolacrimal duct

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19
Q

Where is the lens located in the eye?

A

Behind the iris

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20
Q

What controls the thickness of the lens?

A

Contraction or relaxation of the ligaments in the ciliary body
*which then allows for the eye to focus on near or distant objects

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21
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Allows the eye to adjust or focus on near or distant objects

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22
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Its the sensory part of the eye

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23
Q

What are the three chambers that contain fluid in the eye?

A

Anterior chamber
*Between the cornea and iris
Posterior chamber
*Between the iris and the lens
Vitreous chamber
*Between the lens and the retina

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24
Q

What is between the anterior and posterior chamber?

A

Filed with a clear liquid called aqueous humor
*Produced by the ciliary body
*will drain through the canal of Schlemm

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25
What is the vitreous chamber filled with?
Vitreous humor *helps maintain the shape of the eye
26
What is the optic disc and when is it seen?
-The optic disc is usually seen through the ophthalmoscope -Where the optic nerve is
27
What surrounds the fovea?
the macula
28
What is the definition of a visual field?
The entire area seen by an eye when it looks at a central point
29
What are visual fields limited by?
Brows above Cheeks below Nose medially
30
What produces a blind spot?
A lack of retinal receptors at the optic disc *Approximately 15 degrees temporal
31
Describes what happens when a person uses both eyes to see?
The two visual fields overlap which allows for stereopsis or 3D depth perception (bi-ocular vision)
32
What is direct reaction to light?
When there is pupillary constriction to the eye that is getting light shined on it
33
What is consensual reaction to light?
Pupillary constriction to the contralateral eye
34
What is the cranial nerve responsible to light reaction?
Cranial nerve II optic nerve
35
What are the two reasons for changes in pupillary reactions
1. Light 2. Effort focusing on near objects
36
What is the cranial nerve that facilitates near reaction or accommodation
CN III ocular motor
37
Is accommodation visible to the examiner?
NO *accommodation takes places behind the iris
38
What are the extra ocular eye muscles?
Lateral and medial rectus Superior and inferior rectus Superior and inferior obliques
39
What is the action of the superior recuts muscle?
Moves the eye upward
40
What is the action of the inferior recuts muscle?
Moves the eye downward
41
What is the action of the medial recuts?
Moves the eye inward toward the nose
42
What is the action of the Lateral recuts?
movs the eye outward away from the nose
43
What is the action of the superior oblique muscle?
Rotates the top of the eye toward the nose around the long axis and downward
44
What is the action of the inferior oblique muscle?
Rotates the top of the eye away from the nose around the long axis and upward
45
What cranial nerves are innervate the extraocular muscles?
Abducens CN VI Trochlear CN IV Oculomotor CN III
46
What muscles does the Abducens nerve CN VI innervate
Lateral recuts
47
What muscles does the Trochlear nerve CN IV innervate
Superior oblique muscle
48
What muscles one’s the oculomotor nerve CN III innervate?
Medial rectus Superior rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique
49
What is the purpose of testing the EOM?
-Can test the function of each CN innervation of the six EOM muscles -Can also test for eye convergence
50
What is eye convergence?
Focus on a close object to the point where its no longer possible (medial rectus III)
51
What is diplopia?
Double vision *Possible early/initial sign of a neurological disorder *Lesion in the brain stem
52
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness
53
What is presbyopia?
Aging vision
54
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness
55
What are the parts of an eye exam?
1. visual acuity 2. Inspection/ Palpation 3. Visual fields by confrontation 4. Pupils 5. EOM and convergence 6. Fundoycopic examination
56
What are PERRLA stand for?
Pupils are equally round and reactive to light and accommodation
57
What are the two types of vision tests
Snellen Rosenbaum (can be down bedside)
58
What does visual acuity asses?
Central vision *CN II optic
59
What does OD stand for?
Right eye
60
What does os stand for?
Left eye
61
What does OU stand for?
Both eyes
62
What is ptosis?
Drooping of the upper eyelid *Damage to the ocular motor
63
What is exophthalmos?
Lid retraction Caused by hypothroidism eyeballs will be protruding forward
64
What is entropion?
Inward turning
65
What is ectropion?
Lower eyelid turns outward *Tears wont drain and exposed conjunctiva
66
What is a chalazion?
Non-tender inflammation caused by a blockage of the meibomian gland
67
What is a xanthelasma?
Raised yellow plaques *Lipid disorder
68
What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Benign hematoma of the conjunctiva
69
How do you inspect the cornea and iris?
Use temporal lighting *note any unusual shadow patterns *will show abnormalities in the intro-ocular pressure
70
What is a corneal arcus?
A thin gray white arch common in elderly
71
What is pterygium?
A thickening of the bulbara conjuncva *It impedes the pupil
72
When do you perform lid eversion?
If there is a foreign body suspected
73
What does it mean if there is a temporal defect in the eye?
There is a nasal defect in the other eye
74
What is a horizontal visual field defect?
Occlusion of a branch of the central retinal artery
75
What is a bitemporal hemianopsia?
A lesion at the optic chiasm *visual loss involves the temporal half of each field
76
What is left homonymous hemianopsia?
A lesion of the optic tract, interrupts fibers on the same side of both eyes *visual loss involves half of each field (left side)
77
What is a homonymous left superior quadrant defect
A partial lesion of the optic radiation in the temporal lobe *1/4 of eye is blocked upper quadrant
78
What is miosis?
Constriction of the pupil
79
What is mydriasis?
Dilatation of the pupil
80
How does the eye accommodate for close vision?
It tightens the ciliary muscles, allowing the pliable crystalline lens to become more rounded
81
What are argyll robertson pupils?
Small irregular pupils *will not react to light *will accommodate
82
What is exotropia?
Deviating eye turns outward
83
What is esotropia/
Deviating eye turns inward
84
What is papilledema?
Optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure *HTN *Idiopathic *Cerebral edema
85
What is a kayser-fleischer ring?
A golden to red brown ring, sometimes shading to green or blue. Caused by copper deposition in the periphery of the cornea found in Wilson disease
86
What is blepharitis?
A chronic inflammation of the eyelids at the base of the hair follicles *commonly caused by S. Aureus
87
What is a pinguecula?
A harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris. *can appear with aging
88
What is a episcleritis?
A benign, usually painless localized ocular inflammation of the episcleral vessels

Physical Assessment (12 decks)

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