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Eyes Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Anophthalmos

A

Developmental defect —> absence of eyes

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2
Q

Buphthalmos

A

Enlargement/distension of fibrous coats of eye

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3
Q

Coloboma

A

Absence or defect of some ocular tissue, usually due to failure of fetal fissure closure

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4
Q

Endopthalmitis

A

Inflammation of ocular cavities and adjacent structures (uvea, retina)

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5
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Abnormal protrusion of eyeball

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6
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease characterized by increase in intraocular pressure —> pathological changes in eye

A diverse group of pressure dependent neurodegenerative disorders that results in loss of normal function of retinal ganglion cells and axons in optic nerve —> loss of vision

Most consistently recognized feature is elevation in intraocular pressure

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7
Q

Microphthalmos

A

Congenitally small eye(s)

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8
Q

Panopthalmitis

A

Inflammation of structures or tissues of eye (including sclera)

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9
Q

Phthisis bulbi

A

Shrinking, wastage, hypotony of eyeball

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10
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of eyelids

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11
Q

Chalazion

A

Chronic granulomatous inflammation of eyelid gland (meibomian gland)

Lipogranulomatous inflammation

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12
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of lacrimal glands

Causes: viral (MCF, FIP, canine distemper, SDAV), immune mediated (—> KCS)

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13
Q

Distichiasis

A

Presence of a double row of eyelashes on eyelid (at least one turned inward)

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14
Q

Ectropion

A

Eversion of edge or margin (i.e. eyelid)

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15
Q

Entropion

A

Inversion of edge or margin (e.g. eyelid)

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16
Q

Hordeolum

A

(Style)

Localized Purulent inflammation of one or more meibomian glands

External - cutaneous surface at edge of lid
Internal - conjunctival surface of lid

Suppurative adenitis

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17
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva

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18
Q

Descemetocele

A

Herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward)

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19
Q

Dermoid / choristoma

A

Congenital lesion on cornea or bulbar conjunctival surface resembling skin

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20
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of cornea

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21
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva

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22
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

Inflammation of cornea + conjunctiva with drying (usually decreased tear production)

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23
Q

Pannus

A

Superficial vascularization of cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue

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24
Q

Aphakia

A

Absence of lens

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25
Cataract
Opacity of lens Causes: congenital or acquired (intraocular disease, trauma, metabolic disease, age)
26
Lenticonus
Conical protrusion of substance of lens
27
Microphakia
Abnormally small lens
28
Nuclear sclerosis
Age related compression of lens fibers —> central lens opacity Does not affect vision
29
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of choroid / retina
30
Choroiditis
Inflammation of choroid
31
Hypopyon
Accumulation of neutrophils in anterior chamber
32
Iritis
Inflammation of iris
33
Iridocyclitis
Inflammation of iris and ciliary body
34
Synechia
Adhesion of parts (i.e. iris to other structures) Anterior: iris to cornea Posterior: iris to capsule of lens
35
Uveitis
Inflammation of uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid) Anterior: iris/ciliary body (usually anterior and posterior chambers) Posterior: choroid (usually retina) Panuveitis: usually all structures inside sclera (diffuse uveitis)
36
Papilledema
Hydropic swelling (edema) of optic disc Causes: inc CSF pressure, inflammation, decreased intraocular pressure
37
Retinitis
Inflammation of retina (usually involves choroid) May occur with neurotrophic viral infections (CSF, Teschen, scrapie, CDV)
38
Scleral ectasia
Bulging of sclera (often related to coloboma)
39
Staphyloma
Partial or full thickness defect in cornea or sclera lined by protruding uveal tissue
40
Layers of the eye
Outer fibrous tunica: cornea, sclera Middle vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body, choroid Inner neuro sensory tunic: retina
41
Developmental origin of ocular tissues
Neuroectoderm - photoreceptors, retinal epithelium, optic nerve Ectoderm - corneal epithelium lacrimal apparatus, epithelial portion, lens Mesenchyme - endothelium, stroma, iris, ciliary body
42
Cyclopia
Single median orbit containing a single globe (failure of division of optic primoridium)
43
Synophthalmos
Incomplete separation or early fusion in eye development - some duplication or pairing (more common than full cyclopia)
44
Cystic eye and retinal nonattachment
Result of persistence of optic vesicles cavity
45
Choroidal hypoplasia
Induction failure by defective retinal pigment epithelium (Part of collie eye anomaly)
46
Collie eye anomaly
Choroidal hypoplasia + colobomas + retinal separation
47
Iris hypoplasia
Rare defect Most often found in horses
48
Persistent pupillary membrane
Incomplete atrophy of mesenchyme during development - may block vision / lead to corneal or lens opacity Cats!
49
Anterior segment dysgenesis
Anomalies of cornea, lens, anterior uvea
50
Goniodysgenesis
Maldevelopment of filtration angle A primary cause of glaucoma
51
Persistent hyaloid artery
Developmental anomaly —> focal cataracts
52
Trichiasis
Abnormally directed cilia that contact cornea
53
Causes of corneal irritation
Entropion Ectopic cilia Trichiasis Distichiasis (Large or small palpebral opening)
54
Retinal dysplasia
Abnormal retinal differentiation characterized by retinal folds, rosettes, jumbling of retinal layers, loss of cells, glial proliferation Most common in dogs and cattle - developmental failure, necrosis or dysplasia of developing retina by viruses (BVDV, blue tongue, CHV1, panleukopenia, FeLV)
55
Optic nerve hypoplasia
Most common anomaly of optic nerve Inherited in mini poodles, material hypovitimainosis A in cattle, utero panleukopenia (kitten) or BVD (calves)
56
Prolapse of gland of the 3rd eyelid
Cherry eye, excision may contribute to KCS
57
Malignant catarrhal fever
Systemic disease in cattle (ruminants?) —> conjunctivitis/corneal edema Viruses: gammaherpesviridiae, ovine herpesvirus-2 (most common in NA)
58
Chemosis
Edema and swelling of conjunctiva
59
Infectious causes of conjunctivitis in cats
Upper respiratory often associated with conjunctivitis Herpesviruses, Mycoplasma felis/gatae, Chlamydia psittaci, calicivirus
60
Conjunctivitis in horses
Chronic —> lymphoid hyperplasia —> lymphoid follicles common in horses Causes: Thelazia spp, Habronema spp, Onchocera
61
Causes of corneal injury
Chemical - caustics, medication, etc Physical - temperature, penetration Microbial - bacteria, virus, fungi Immunologic - type III hypersensitivity Glaucoma Lysosomal storage disorders
62
Corneal reaction to injury
Edema Erosion Ulcer Neovascularization Fibrosis Epithelial sliding/proliferation Epithelial metaplasia/pigmentation Keratitis
63
Corneal deposits
Pigment or lipid (congenital or acquired)
64
Corneal dystrophy
Endothelial or stroma distrophy Breed-specific conditions
65
Feline corneal sequestrum
Orange brown discoloration of central cornea Persian / Himalayan cats necrosis of stroma cells —> sloughing —> healing by granulation tissue
66
Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects
Boxer ulcer Recurrent shallow central corneal erosion / ulcers, epithelial cells unable to anchor
67
Mycotic keratitis
Destructive, Suppurative, deep stroma inflammation due to fungal infection; most commonly Aspergillus in horses
68
Infectious bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Bovine pinkeye - Moraxella bovis
69
Classifications of uveitis
Serous - protein rich fluid “aqueous flare” Suppurative - usually bacterial Granulomatous - fungal, algae, helminthes, mycobacteria, lens rupture, VKH Lymphoplasmacytic - most common in cats
70
Feline lymphoplasmacytic uveitis
Unknown etiology Possibly toxoplasma or bartonella
71
Lens induced uveitis
Phacolytic - lymphocytic uveitis associated with cataracts Phacoclasic - 10-14 days after lens rupture
72
Canine adenovirus 1
Immune-mediated uveitis and corneal edema in dogs (convalescent phase or post vaccine - MLV) Type III hypersensitivity
73
Equine recurrent uveitis
Hypersensitivity to exogenous agent (often cited as leptospira and dead onchocerca)
74
Canine uveodermatologic syndrome
Akitas Autoimmune disease targeting melanin —> bilateral granulomatous uveitis
75
Sequelae of uveitis
Corneal opacities Anterior/posterior synechia Glaucoma Retinal degeneration/seperation Cataracts Pre-iridium fibrovascular membranes —> intraocular hemorrhage Phthisis bulbi
76
Degenerative lesions of uvea
Iris atrophy Iridociliary cysts (labs, golden retrievers) - common
77
Diabetic cataract
90% of spontaneously diabetic dogs develop cataracts
78
Positional changes of lens
Ectopic lens Subluxation/luxation Configuration (congenital)
79
Retinal separation
Separation between photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium Remains attached at ora ciliaris and optic disc
80
Causes of retinal degeneration
Inherited Senile changes Nutritional deficiencies Toxic retinopathies Misc (diabetes, hypertensive retinopathy, storage disease) Idiopathic
81
Optic neuritis
Inflammation of optic nerve Causes: spread of meningitis, meningoencephalitis; spread of endothalmitis, virus (FIP, canine distemper, GME), chronic (gliosis, astrocytosis, Axonal degeneration)
82
Nodular granulomatous scleritis
Nodular proliferative inflammation in sclera of dog Acts like locally infiltrative neoplasm
83
Orbital cellulitis
Extension of inflammation from adjacent non-ocular tissues + foreign bodies
84
Retrobulbar abscess
Tooth root abscess —> orbit
85
Orbital myositis
Syndrome in dogs with autoantibodies to type 2M muscle fibers
86
Prevalence of glaucoma
Dogs >>cats>horses>ruminants
87
Primary glaucoma
Goniodysgenesis Primary open angel glaucoma *no other primary ocular disease*
88
Secondary glaucoma
Secondary to: Uveitis Synechiae Pre-iridium fibrovascular membrane Lens luxation Intraocular neoplasia Intraocular hemorrhage
89
Sequelae of glaucoma
Buphthalmia Scleral thinning Corneal edema Corneal striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane) Exposure keratitis Lens luxation or subluxation Cataract (malnutrition?) Atrophy of iris/ciliary body Retinal atrophy, separation Optic disc cupping
90
Eyelid / conjunctival neoplasms
Squamous cell carcinoma Meibomian gland neoplasms Melanocytoma Hemangioma / hemangiosarcoma
91
Intraocular neosplasms
Melanocytoma / malignant melanoma Iridociliary adenoma / carcinoma Feline post-traumatic sarcomas Lymphoma Metastatic neoplasia
92
Orbital neoplasms
Optic nerve meningioma Sarcomas Carcinomas
93
Squamous cell carcinoma
Bovine > equine > feline > canine Pathogenesis: UV light —> plaque —> papilloma —> carcinoma in situ —> carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)
94
Meibomian gland neoplasms
Adenoma / epithelioma very common (70% lid tumors) in dogs Carcinoma - rare
95
Melanocytoma of eyelid/conjunctiva
Common in dogs
96
Intraocular Malignant melanoma/Melanocytoma
Canine: 90% benign Feline: diffuse iris melanoma > solitary masses, may obstruct filtration angle —> glaucoma; greater rise of metastatic
97
Iridocilliary adenoma / carcinoma
Most common primary intraocular tumor after melanomas
98
Feline post-traumatic sarcomas
Arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium follow injury with long latency period (months to years) Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior - can extend along optic nerve to brain Forms: fibrosarcoma, osteo/chondrosarcoma, B-cell lymphoma
99
Solitary intraocular lymphoma vs metastatic lymphoma to eye
Solitary better prognosis than metastatic
100
Metastatic intraocular neoplasias
Lymphoma Histiocytic sarcoma Pulmonary, mammary carcinoma

Pathology (21 decks)

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